Mutual interaction between oxidative stress and endoplasmic reticulum stress in the pathogenesis of diseases specifically focusing on non-alcoholic fatty liver disease

Figure 2 Production, conversion, and suppression of reactive oxygen species. The production of reactive oxygen species is largely initiated by a one-electron donation to an oxygen molecule, resulting in the production of superoxide (O₂^.-). Superoxide undergoes spontaneous dismutation to hydrogen peroxide, a process that is markedly accelerated by superoxide dismutase. The resulting hydrogen peroxide can be rapidly eliminated by peroxidases, such as catalase, glutathione peroxidase and peroxiredoxin In the meantime, a one-electron reduction of a transition metal, notably ferric to ferrous ion, results in the conversion of hydrogen peroxide to hydroxyl radicals (^•OH). ROS: Reactive oxygen species; SOD: Superoxide dismutase; CAT: Catalase; GPX: Glutathione peroxidase; PRDX: Peroxiredoxin.