Basic Study
Copyright ©The Author(s) 2017. Published by Baishideng Publishing Group Inc. All rights reserved.
World J Biol Chem. May 26, 2017; 8(2): 138-150
Published online May 26, 2017. doi: 10.4331/wjbc.v8.i2.138
Identification of neuron selective androgen receptor inhibitors
Maya Otto-Duessel, Ben Yi Tew, Steven Vonderfecht, Roger Moore, Jeremy O Jones
Maya Otto-Duessel, Ben Yi Tew, Jeremy O Jones, Department of Cancer Biology, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA 91010, United States
Steven Vonderfecht, Division of Comparative Medicine, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA 91010, United States
Roger Moore, Department of Molecular Immunology, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA 91010, United States
Author contributions: Otto-Duessel M, Tew BY, Vonderfecht S, Moore R and Jones JO designed and performed experiments and wrote the paper.
Institutional review board statement: No human studies.
Institutional animal care and use committee statement: All procedures involving animals were reviewed and approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee of the City of Hope (IACUC protocol number: 10009).
Conflict-of-interest statement: No authors have conflicts of interest to declare.
Data sharing statement: Additional data available from the corresponding author at jjones@coh.org.
Open-Access: This article is an open-access article which was selected by an in-house editor and fully peer-reviewed by external reviewers. It is distributed in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial (CC BY-NC 4.0) license, which permits others to distribute, remix, adapt, build upon this work non-commercially, and license their derivative works on different terms, provided the original work is properly cited and the use is non-commercial. See: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/
Correspondence to: Jeremy O Jones, PhD, Assistant Professor, Department of Cancer Biology, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope National Medical Center, 1500 E Duarte Rd, Beckman 2310, Duarte, CA 91010, United States. jjones@coh.org
Telephone: +1-626-2564673-80270 Fax: +1-626-4713902
Received: February 8, 2017
Peer-review started: February 12, 2017
First decision: March 10, 2017
Revised: April 27, 2017
Accepted: May 3, 2017
Article in press: May 4, 2017
Published online: May 26, 2017
Processing time: 99 Days and 2.9 Hours
Abstract
AIM

To identify neuron-selective androgen receptor (AR) signaling inhibitors, which could be useful in the treatment of spinal and bulbar muscular atrophy (SBMA), or Kennedy’s disease, a neuromuscular disorder in which deterioration of motor neurons leads to progressive muscle weakness.

METHODS

Cell lines representing prostate, kidney, neuron, adipose, and muscle tissue were developed that stably expressed the CFP-AR-YFP FRET reporter. We used these cells to screen a library of small molecules for cell type-selective AR inhibitors. Secondary screening in luciferase assays was used to identify the best cell-type specific AR inhibitors. The mechanism of action of a neuron-selective AR inhibitor was examined in vitro using luciferase reporter assays, immunofluorescence microscopy, and immunoprecipitations. Rats were treated with the most potent compound and tissue-selective AR inhibition was examined using RT-qPCR of AR-regulated genes and immunohistochemistry.

RESULTS

We identified the thiazole class of antibiotics as compounds able to inhibit AR signaling in a neuronal cell line but not a muscle cell line. One of these antibiotics, thiostrepton is able to inhibit the activity of both wild type and polyglutamine expanded AR in neuronal GT1-7 cells with nanomolar potency. The thiazole antibiotics are known to inhibit FOXM1 activity and accordingly, a novel FOXM1 inhibitor FDI-6 also inhibited AR activity in a neuron-selective fashion. The selective inhibition of AR is likely indirect as the varied structures of these compounds would not suggest that they are competitive antagonists. Indeed, we found that FOXM1 expression correlates with cell-type selectivity, FOXM1 co-localizes with AR in the nucleus, and that shRNA-mediated knock down of FOXM1 reduces AR activity and thiostrepton sensitivity in a neuronal cell line. Thiostrepton treatment reduces FOXM1 levels and the nuclear localization of beta-catenin, a known co-activator of both FOXM1 and AR, and reduces the association between beta-catenin and AR. Treatment of rats with thiostrepton demonstrated AR signaling inhibition in neurons, but not muscles.

CONCLUSION

Our results suggest that thiazole antibiotics, or other inhibitors of the AR-FOXM1 axis, can inhibit AR signaling selectively in motor neurons and may be useful in the treatment or prevention of SBMA symptoms.

Keywords: Androgen receptor; Selective androgen receptor modulator; Spinal and bulbar muscular atrophy; Kennedy’s disease

Core tip: Kennedy’s disease is caused by genetic expansion of the polyglutamine tract in the androgen receptor (AR). There is debate over whether the toxicity is due to expression of this mutant AR in motor neurons, muscle cells, or both. We have identified neuron-specific AR inhibitors, which could be used to help answer this question, and might be useful in the treatment or prevention of Kennedy’s disease. These inhibitors function via FOXM1 and beta-catenin, which are shown to have important roles in the regulation of AR in neurons.