Cardiac autonomic neuropathy: Risk factors, diagnosis and treatment

Table 5 Normal, borderline and abnormal values in tests of cardiovascular autonomic function[27]

	Normal	Borderline	Abnormal
Tests reflecting mainly parasympathetic function
Heart rate response to Valsalva Manoeuvre (Valsalva ratio)	≥ 1.21	1.11–1.20	≤ 1.10
Heart rate (R-R interval) variation	≥ 15 beats/min	11–14 beats/min	≤ 10 beats/min
During deep breathing (maximum-minimum heart rate) immediate heart rate response to standing (30:15 ratio)	≥ 1.04	1.01-1.03	≤ 1.00
Tests reflecting mainly sympathetic function
Blood pressure response to standing (fall in systolic blood mmHg mmHg mmHg pressure)	≤ 10	11–29	≥ 30
Blood pressure response to sustained handgrip (increase in diastolic blood pressure	≥ 16 mmHg	11–15 mmHg	≤ 10 mmHg