Cardiac autonomic neuropathy: Risk factors, diagnosis and treatment

Table 2 Abnormalities associated with cardiovascular autonomic neuropathy at the level of cardiovascular system and peripheral vascular function[5,45,46]

Cardiovascular system	Peripheral vascular function
Perioperative unstability	↑ Peripheral blood flow and warm skin
Resting tachycardia	↑ Arteriovenous shunting and swollen veins
Loss of reflex heart rate variations	↑ Venous pressure
Hypertension	Leg and foot oedema
Exercise intolerance	Loss of protective cutaneous vasomotor reflexes
Orthostatic hypotension	Loss of venoarteriolar reflex with microvascular damage
Postprandial hypotension	↑ Transcapillary leakage of macromolecules
Silent myocardial ischaemia	↑ Medial arterial calcification
Left ventricular dysfunction and hypertrophy	-
QT interval prolongation	-
Impaired baroreflex sensitivity	-
Non-dipping, reverse dipping	-
Sympathovagal imbalance	-
Dysregulation of cerebral circulation	-
↓ Sympathetically mediated vasodilation of coronary vessels	-
↑ Arterial stiffness	-