Cardiac autonomic neuropathy: Risk factors, diagnosis and treatment

Table 1 Cardiac autonomic neuropathy in type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus: Differences in relation to risk factors and natural history[21]

Risk factors	Type 1 DM	Type 2 DM
Age	+	+
Gender (female)	+	-
Obesity	-	+
Hyperinsulinemia	NA	+
Duration of DM	++	++
Smoking	+	+
HbA1c	++	++
Hypertension	++	+
Retinopathy	++	+
Hypertriglyceridemia	+	+
Classical DPN	++	++
Microalbuminuria	++	++
Dyslipoproteinemia (> LDL and < HDL	+	(+)
Prevalence at diagnosis of DM	7.70%	5%
Prevalence after 10 yr	38%	65%
Prevalence (random)	25%	34%

++: Strong association; +: Moderate association; -: Not found; (+): Controversial; NA: Not applicable; DM: Diabetes mellitus; LDL: Low-density lipoprotein; HDL: High-density lipoprotein.