Reproductive disturbances among Saudi adolescent girls and young women with type 1 diabetes mellitus

Table 3 Factors associated with polycystic ovarian syndrome n (%)

Variables	No PCOS (n = 86)	PCOS (n = 16)	P value
Age (yr)
13-19 yr (n = 71)	60 (84.5)	11 (15.5)	0.574
20-29 yr (n = 31)	26 (83.9)	5 (16.1)
Family History of diabetes
No (n = 60)	57 (95)	3 (5)	0.001
Yes (n = 71)	29 (69)	13 (31)
Recurrent diabetic ketoacidosis
No (n = 89)	75 (84.3)	14 (15.7)	0.43
Yes (n = 13)	11 (84.6)	2 (15.4)
Complications of diabetes
No (n = 90)	79 (87.8)	11 (12.2)	0.092
Yes (n = 12)	7 (58.3)	5 (41.7)
Menses
Irregular (n = 27)	21 (78)	6 (16.7)	0.214
Regular (n = 75)	65 (87)	10 (15.4)
Premature ovarian failure
No (n = 101)	85 (84.2)	16 (15.8)	0.843
Yes (n = 1)	1 (100)	0
Celiac disease
No (n = 95)	80 (84.2)	15 (15.8)	0.698
Yes (n = 7)	6 (85.7)	1 (14.3)
Hashimoto thyroiditis
No (n = 68)	58 (85.3)	10 (14.7)	0.453
Yes (n = 34)	28 (82.4)	6 (17.6)
Dyslipidemia
No (n = 88)	76 (86.4)	12 (13.6)	0.15
Yes (n = 14)	10 (71.4)	4 (28.6)
Hirsutism
No (n = 77)	62 (80.5)	15 (19.5)	0.054
Yes (n = 25)	24 (96)	1 (4)
Acne
No (n = 83)	70 (84.3)	13 (15.7)	0.612
Yes (n = 19)	16 (84.2)	3 (15.8)
Pelvic ultrasound
Not done (n = 67)	54 (80.6)	13 (19.4)	0.317
Small ovaries (n = 3)	2 (66.7)	1 (33.3)
Normal (n = 11)	10 (91)	1 (9)
PCOS (n = 21)	20 (95.2)	1 (4.8)
Testosterone level
Normal (n = 77)	62 (80.5)	15 (19.5)	0.054
High (n = 25)	24 (96)	1 (4)
Variables	mean ± SD	mean ± SD	P value
Body mass index	23.2 ± 2.86	25.3 ± 4.77	0.008
Duration of diabetes	6.59 ± 5.16	7.94 ± 6.45	0.53
Age at diabetes diagnosis	11.6 ± 3.82	10.8 ± 4.69	0.227
Age of menarche	12.5 ± 1	12.63 ± 0.69	0.118
Insulin dose unit/kg	0.8 ± 0.24	0.83 ± 0.20	0.493
Hemoglobin A1c	9.23 ± 1.98	9.19 ± 1.64	0.516

Categorical variables analyzed by χ² test and the continuous variables analyzed by t-test. P < 0.05 considered as significant. PCOS: Polycystic ovarian syndrome.