Reproductive disturbances among Saudi adolescent girls and young women with type 1 diabetes mellitus

Table 2 Factors associated with menarche before and after diagnosis of diabetes

Variables	Diabetes diagnosed before menarche (n = 48), n (%)	Diabetes diagnosed after menarche (n = 54), n (%)	P value
Age (yr)
13-19 (n = 71)	38 (53.5)	33 (46.5)	0.038
20-29 (n = 31)	10 (32.3)	21 (67.7)
Family history of diabetes
No (n = 60)	28 (46.7)	32 (53.3)	0.542
Yes (n = 42)	20 (47.6)	22 (52.4)
Polycystic ovarian syndrome
No (n = 86)	42 (48.8)	44 (51.2)	0.289
Yes (n = 16)	6 (37.5)	10 (62.5)
Recurrent diabetic ketoacidosis
No (n = 89)	42 (47.2)	47 (52.8)	0.591
Yes (n = 13)	6 (46.2)	7 (53.8)
Complications of diabetes
No (n = 90)	41(45.6)	49 (54.4)	0.299
Yes (n = 12)	7 (58.3)	5 (41.7)
Menses
Irregular (n = 27)	17 (63)	10 (37)	0.04
Regular (n = 75)	31 (41.3)	44 (58.7)
Premature ovarian failure
No (n = 101)	48 (47.5)	53 (52.5)
Yes (n = 1)	0	1 (100)	0.529
Celiac disease
No (n = 95)	44 (46.3)	51(53.7)	0.434
Yes (n = 7)	4 (57.1)	3 (42.9)
Hashimoto thyroiditis
No (n = 68)	31 (45.6)	37 (54.4)	0.416
Yes (n = 34)	17 (50)	17 (50)
Dyslipidemia
No (n = 88)	42 (47.7)	46 (52.3)	0.482
Yes (n = 14)	6 (42.9)	8 (57.1)
Hirsutism
No (n = 77)	37 (48.1)	40 (51.9)	0.452
Yes (n = 25)	11 (44)	14 (56)
Acne
No (n = 83)	45 (54.2)	38 (45.8)	0.002
Yes (n = 19)	3 (15.8)	16 (84.2)
Pelvic ultrasound
Not done (n = 67)	31 (46.3)	36 (53.7)	0.103
Small ovaries (n = 3)	3 (100)	0
Normal (n = 11)	7 (63.6)	4 (36.4)
Polycystic ovary syndrome (n = 21)	7 (33.3)	14 (66.7)
Testosterone level
Normal (n = 77)	40 (51.9)	37 (48.1)	0.065
High (n = 25)	8 (32)	17 (68)
Variables	mean ± SD	mean ± SD	P value
Body mass index	23.83 ± 0.5	23.28 ± 0.3	0.123
Duration of diabetes	9.13 ± 0.8	4.74 ± 0.5	0.011
Age at diabetes diagnosis	8.42 ± 0.4	14.3 ± 0.2	0
Insulin dose unit/kg	0.84 ± 0.23	0.88 ± 0.23	0.794
Hemoglobin A1c	9.73 ± 0.3	8.78 ± 0.2	0.007
Body mass index	23.83 ± 0.5	23.28 ± 0.3	0.123

Categorical variables analyzed by χ² test and the continuous variables analyzed by t-test. P < 0.05 considered as significant.