Nutrition, insulin resistance and dysfunctional adipose tissue determine the different components of metabolic syndrome

Table 2 Gene expression ARRAYS of peripheral-white adipose tissue in fasting state and its responses to postprandial specific diets and insulin stimulus

	Baseline (n = 8)	P1	High-MUFA (n = 9)	High-SAT (n = 9)	High-CHO (n = 9)	P2	Postinsulin (n = 9)	P3	P4
INSR	6.74 ± 0.11	0.69	6.94 ± 0.06	6.95 ± 0.01	6.98 ± 0.04	0.95	6.99 ± 0.04	0.93	0.10
GCGR	6.25 ± 0.13	0.03	5.92 ± 0.06	5.90 ± 0.07	5.89 ± 0.06	0.95	5.75 ± 0.07	0.93	0.04
BMP7	4.80 ± 0.08	0.69	4.49 ± 0.07	4.45 ± 0.09	4.53 ± 0.11	0.95	4.55 ± 0.09	0.93	0.33
BMP2	6.21 ± 0.10	0.62	5.89 ± 0.09	5.96 ± 0.06	5.92 ± 0.09	0.95	5.89 ± 0.07	0.93	0.12
PPARG	9.06 ± 0.28	0.11	9.64 ± 0.08	9.44 ± 0.10	9.57 ± 0.09	0.95	9.97 ± 0.13	0.14	0.04
ADIPOQ	10.89 ± 0.4	0.69	11.65 ± 0.06	11.33 ± 0.22	11.46 ± 0.11	0.95	11.53 ± 0.16	0.93	0.10
LEP	9.37 ± 0.34	0.60	9.87 ± 0.16	9.64 ± 0.22	9.91 ± 0.18	0.95	10.11 ± 0.14	0.93	0.04
ADRβ3	5.23 ± 0.12	0.69	5.06 ± 0.12	5.01 ± 0.10	5.05 ± 0.17	0.95	5.22 ± 0.11	0.93	0.82
RETN	6.19 ± 0.05	0.02	5.59 ± 0.10	5.63 ± 0.07	5.72 ± 0.09	0.95	5.68 ± 0.08	0.93	0.10
IL-6	4.33 ± 0.12	0.69	4.24 ± 0.10	4.27 ± 0.08	4.43 ± 0.16	0.95	4.26 ± 0.11	0.93	0.60
IL6R	6.50 ± 0.08	0.11	6.83 ± 0.06	6.86 ± 0.06	6.86 ± 0.07	0.95	6.85 ± 0.05	0.93	0.10
TNF-α	5.25 ± 0.05	0.69	5.11 ± 0.07	5.13 ± 0.06	5.26 ± 0.08	0.95	5.08 ± 0.07	0.93	0.10
TNFRSF1A	7.49 ± 0.11	0.69	7.68 ± 0.05	7.79 ± 0.07	7.74 ± 0.06	0.95	7.70 ± 0.06	0.93	0.38
TNFRSF1B	8.19 ± 0.09	0.20	8.51 ± 0.04	8.52 ± 0.04	8.56 ± 0.03	0.95	8.52 ± 0.04	0.93	0.10

Gene-expression profiles of the same patient with NAFLD (n = 9) from human peripheral (white) adipose tissue were generated with the use of the Affymetrix U133 Plus 2.0 platform. Gene-chip normalization avoids the use of unstable single housekeeping genes and thus can be technically superior for clinical biomarker studies. Data are mean ± SE. P1 value compare baseline in fasting state and postprandial MUFA, SAT and CHO dietary periods with ANOVA repeated measured (n = 8). P2 value compares postprandial MUFA, SAT and CHO dietary periods with ANOVA repeated measured (n = 9). P3 value compares post-insulin infusion state (180’) and postprandial MUFA, SAT and CHO dietary periods with ANOVA repeated measured (n = 9). P4 value compares baseline in fasting state and post-insulin infusion state (180’) with paired t-test analysis (n = 8). P-values for multiple comparisons were adjusted by Hommel’s test. P < 0.05 was considered significant. INSR: Insulin receptor; GCGR: Glucagon receptor; BMP: Bone morphogenetic protein; PPARG: Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma; ADIPOQ: Adiponectin; LEP: Leptin; ADRβ3: Adrenergic β-3 receptor; RETN: Resistin; IL-6: Interleukin-6; IL-6R: Interleukin-6 receptor; TNF-α: Tumor necrosis factor-α; TNFRSF1A: Tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily, member 1A; TNFRSF1B: Tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily, member 1B; MUFA: High monounsaurated fatty acid diet; SAT: High saturated fatty acid diet; CHO: Low fat-high carbohydrate diet.