Impact of diabetes mellitus on risk of cardiovascular disease and all-cause mortality: Evidence on health outcomes and antidiabetic treatment in United States adults

Table 6 Multivariate adjusted hazard ratios (HR, 95%CI) of antidiabetic medication use for mortality from heart disease and cerebrovascular disease in patients with diabetes

	Heart disease mortality							Cerebrovascular disease (CBVD) mortality
	Model 1			Model 2				Model 1				Model 2
	HR	(95%CI)	P value	HR	(95%CI)		P value	HR	(95%CI)		P value	HR	(95%CI)	P value
Medication use vs no-use	1.01	(0.62-1.65)	0.982	1.08	(0.67-1.74)		0.741	0.58	(0.19-1.78)		0.339	0.67	(0.23-1.95)	0.457
Monotherapy
Biguanides (Metformin)	0.80	(0.38-1.67)	0.550	0.83	(0.40-1.70)		0.608	0.94	(0.22-4.01)		0.938	1.20	(0.30-4.82)	0.792
SU	1.26	(0.76-2.11)	0.373	1.27	(0.76-2.13)		0.364	0.71	(0.23-2.24)		0.560	0.76	(0.25-2.34)	0.629
Insulin	1.85	(1.06-3.24)	0.031	1.91	(1.12-3.26)		0.018	0.60	(0.16-2.23)		0.445	0.71	(0.23-2.21)	0.547
Combined
Metformin + SU	0.82	(0.41-1.67)	0.586	0.91	(0.47-1.80)		0.794	0.59	(0.14-2.47)		0.472	0.71	(0.17-2.94)	0.632
TZD + Any (insulin excluded)	0.55	(0.28-1.08)	0.082	0.68	(0.35-1.30)		0.242	0.14	(0.02-1.18)		0.070	0.15	(0.02-1.32)	0.088
Insulin + Any (TZD excluded)	1.79	(0.89-3.61)	0.103	1.85	(0.94-3.64)		0.074	0.44	(0.13-1.53)		0.196	0.50	(0.15-1.66)	0.257
Metformin + SU + TZD	0.61	(0.27-1.40)	0.245	0.65	(0.30-1.42)		0.280	0.34	(0.04-2.83)		0.316	0.41	(0.04-3.95)	0.438
Metformin + SU + Insulin	0.33	(0.19-0.59)	0.000	0.35	(0.20-0.62)		< 0.0001	1.66	(0.55-5.02)		0.368	1.91	(0.64-5.73)	0.245
Other combinations	0.71	(0.37-1.37)	0.307	0.78	(0.42-1.47)		0.444	0.28	(0.06-1.31)		0.106	0.31	(0.07-1.41)	0.129

Others: Include alpha glucosidase inhibitors, meglinitides, dipeptidyl peptidase 4 inhibitors, amylin analogs, and incretin mimetics. P values were given by Cox regression models. Model 1: Adjusted for age, sex, race/ethnicity, and survey year; Model 2: Adjusted for Model 1 plus anti-hypertension and anti-hyperlipidemia drugs. TZD: Thiazolidinedione; SU: Sulfonylureas.