Impact of diabetes mellitus on risk of cardiovascular disease and all-cause mortality: Evidence on health outcomes and antidiabetic treatment in United States adults

Table 5 Multivariate adjusted hazard ratios (HR, 95%CI) of antidiabetic medication use for mortality from all-cause and cardiovascular disease in patients with diabetes

	All-cause mortality						Mortality from CVD
	Model 1			Model 2			Model 1			Model 2
	HR	(95%CI)	P value	HR	(95%CI)	P value	HR	(95%CI)	P value	HR	(95%CI)		P value
Medication use vs no-use	0.87	(0.68-1.11)	0.251	0.93	(0.73-1.18)	0.556	0.88	(0.54-1.44)	0.613	0.96	(0.60-1.54)		0.873
Monotherapy (ref: Non-drug use)
Biguanides (Metformin)	0.53	(0.36-0.77)	0.001	0.55	(0.38-0.80)	0.002	0.82	(0.42-1.61)	0.564	0.87	(0.45-1.68)		0.681
SU	0.89	(0.66-1.21)	0.456	0.91	(0.67-1.23)	0.529	1.10	(0.66-1.83)	0.716	1.11	(0.67-1.84)		0.696
Insulin	1.65	(1.26-2.16)	< 0.001	1.71	(1.31-2.24)	< 0.0001	1.51	(0.86-2.66)	0.153	1.58	(0.92-2.70)		0.094
Combination
Metformin + SU	0.75	(0.55-1.01)	0.059	0.81	(0.60-1.10)	0.168	0.77	(0.41-1.43)	0.403	0.87	(0.48-1.57)		0.632
TZD + Any (insulin excluded)	0.87	(0.60-1.26)	0.468	0.98	(0.67-1.42)	0.905	0.43	(0.23-0.82)	0.011	0.52	(0.28-0.98)		0.042
Insulin + Any (TZD excluded)	1.27	(0.90-1.78)	0.171	1.33	(0.94-1.86)	0.103	1.37	(0.69-2.72)	0.365	1.45	(0.75-2.81)		0.264
Metformin + SU + TZD	0.40	(0.25-0.65)	< 0.001	0.43	(0.27-0.70)	0.001	0.54	(0.24-1.18)	0.120	0.58	(0.27-1.25)		0.164
Metformin + SU + Insulin	0.64	(0.41-1.01)	0.053	0.67	(0.43-1.05)	0.080	0.75	(0.44-1.29)	0.293	0.80	(0.47-1.37)		0.418
Other combination	0.63	(0.46-0.86)	0.004	0.68	(0.50-0.93)	0.016	0.59	(0.31-1.09)	0.091	0.64	(0.35-1.19)		0.157

Others: Include alpha glucosidase inhibitors, meglinitides, dipeptidyl peptidase 4 inhibitors, amylin analogs, and incretin mimetics. P values were given by Cox regression models. Model 1: Adjusted for age, sex, race/ethnicity, and survey year; Model 2: Adjusted for Model 1 plus anti-hypertension and anti-hyperlipidemia drugs. TZD: Thiazolidinedione; SU: Sulfonylureas.