Impact of diabetes mellitus on risk of cardiovascular disease and all-cause mortality: Evidence on health outcomes and antidiabetic treatment in United States adults

Table 3 Multivariate adjusted hazard ratios (HR, 95%CI) of diabetes mellitus for mortality from all-cause, heart disease, cerebrovascular disease and cardiovascular disease by gender

	Male (n = 119399)			Female (n = 152750)			Excess HR1
Mortality	HR	(95%CI)	P value	HR	(95%CI)	P value	Rate, %	P value
DM vs non-DM
Model 1
All-cause	1.56	(1.49-1.64)	< 0.0001	1.69	(1.61-1.78)	< 0.0001	8.3	0.02
Heart Dis	1.72	(1.53-1.93)	< 0.0001	2.02	(1.81-2.25)	< 0.0001	17.4	0.05
CBVD	1.48	(1.18-1.85)	0.001	1.43	(1.15-1.77)	0.001	-3.5	0.35
CVD	1.67	(1.51-1.86)	< 0.0001	1.85	(1.69-2.03)	< 0.0001	10.5	0.16
Model 2
All-cause	1.54	(1.47-1.62)	< 0.0001	1.62	(1.55-1.71)	< 0.0001	5.5	0.13
Heart Dis	1.70	(1.51-1.91)	< 0.0001	1.95	(1.74-2.17)	< 0.0001	14.5	0.09
CBVD	1.48	(1.18-1.86)	0.001	1.39	(1.12-1.72)	0.003	-6.2	0.70
CVD	1.66	(1.49-1.84)	< 0.0001	1.79	(1.63-1.96)	< 0.0001	7.8	0.29
Model 3
All-cause	1.47	(1.39-1.55)	< 0.0001	1.55	(1.47-1.63)	< 0.0001	5.5	0.15
Heart Dis	1.62	(1.44-1.82)	< 0.0001	1.80	(1.60-2.03)	< 0.0001	11.2	0.21
CBVD	1.35	(1.04-1.75)	0.023	1.40	(1.12-1.75)	0.003	3.4	0.85
CVD	1.57	(1.40-1.75)	< 0.0001	1.68	(1.52-1.86)	< 0.0001	7.4	0.35
Model 4
All-cause	1.42	(1.35-1.49)	< 0.0001	1.50	(1.42-1.58)	< 0.0001	5.6	0.15
Heart Dis	1.58	(1.33-1.69)	< 0.0001	1.65	(1.48-1.89)	< 0.0001	4.4	0.19
CBVD	1.28	(0.99-1.66)	0.06	1.33	(1.06-1.66)	0.013	3.9	0.83
CVD	1.46	(1.31-1.63)	< 0.0001	1.58	(1.42-1.75)	< 0.0001	8.2	0.32
Model 5 - in those without baseline CVD
All-cause	1.32	(1.23-1.41)	< 0.0001	1.40	(1.32-1.50)	< 0.0001	6.1	0.19
Heart Dis	1.22	(1.03-1.45)	0.019	1.43	(1.21-1.69)	< 0.0001	17.2	0.19
CBVD	1.24	(0.93-1.67)	0.137	1.41	(1.10-1.82)	0.008	13.7	0.53
CVD	1.22	(1.04-1.43)	0.017	1.45	(1.26-1.67)	< 0.0001	18.9	0.08

¹Excess HR = [(HR in female/HR in male) - 1] × 100. Significant test was estimated based on sex × DM interaction. P-values were given by Cox regression models. Model 1: Adjusted for age and race/ethnicity (NH-White, NH-Black, Hispanics, and all other race group); Model 2: Adjusted for Model 1 plus education; Model 3: Adjusted for Model 2 plus smoking, alcohol, and physical activity status; Model 4: Adjusted for Model 2 plus smoking, alcohol, physical activity status, hypertension. DM: Diabetes mellitus; CBVD: Cerebrovascular disease; CVD: Cardiovascular disease.