Fractional carbon dioxide laser-induced photothermal activation of mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes accelerates diabetic wound healing by enhancing angiogenesis

Figure 8 Exosomes derived from CO₂ laser-preconditioned adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells accelerate angiogenesis in diabetic wounds. ^bP < 0.01; ^cP < 0.001. Data are presented as mean ± SD (n = 6). A and B: Representative images of full-thickness skin defects in non-diabetic mice and diabetic mice treated with phosphate-buffered saline, exosomes, or exosomes derived from CO₂ laser-preconditioned adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells on 0 day, 3 days, 7 days, 10 days, and 14 days post-surgery; C and D: Quantification of hematoxylin and eosin staining and skin thickness on day 14. Scale bar = 100 μm; E and F: Quantification of Masson’s trichrome staining and collagen deposition on day 14. Scale bar = 100 μm; G and H: Representative immunohistochemical staining images for CD31. Scale bar = 100 μm. NC: Negative control; PBS: Phosphate-buffered saline; Exos: Exosomes; CO₂ laser-Exos: Exosomes derived from CO₂ laser-preconditioned adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells.