Fractional carbon dioxide laser-induced photothermal activation of mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes accelerates diabetic wound healing by enhancing angiogenesis

Figure 6 LY294002 suppresses exosomes derived from CO₂ laser-preconditioned adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells -induced angiogenesis. ^bP < 0.01; ^cP < 0.001. Data are presented as mean ± SD (n = 3). A and B: Western blot analysis of phosphorylated protein kinase B, protein kinase B, hypoxia-inducible factor-1α, and vascular endothelial growth factor-A protein expression levels in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) treated with LY294002 vs negative control and LY294002 + exosomes derived from CO₂ laser-preconditioned adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells vs exosomes derived from CO₂ laser-preconditioned adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells; C and D: 5-Ethynyl-2’-deoxyuridine incorporation assay to assess HUVEC proliferation. Scale bar = 100 μm; E: Cell Counting Kit-8 assay to evaluate HUVEC viability; F and G: Transwell migration assay to assess the migratory capacity of HUVECs. Scale bar = 200 μm; H and I: In vitro wound healing assay to evaluate cell migration. Scale bar = 200 μm; J and K: Tube formation assay to examine the formation of capillary-like structures by HUVECs. Scale bar = 200 μm. EdU: 5-Ethynyl-2’-deoxyuridine; NC: Negative control; CO₂ laser-Exos: Exosomes derived from CO₂ laser-preconditioned adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells; AKT: Protein kinase B; p-AKT: Phosphorylated protein kinase B; HIF-1α: Hypoxia-inducible factor-1α; VEGF-A: Vascular endothelial growth factor-A.