Fractional carbon dioxide laser-induced photothermal activation of mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes accelerates diabetic wound healing by enhancing angiogenesis

Figure 2 Low-energy fractional CO₂ laser-induced heat stress enhances heat shock protein 90 expression in adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells. ^aP < 0.05, ^bP < 0.01, ^cP < 0.001. Data are presented as mean ± SD (n = 3). A: Infrared thermal images of cell culture dishes following CO₂ laser irradiation; B: Photothermal curve; C and D: Western blot analysis of heat shock protein 90 protein expression; E and F: Flow cytometric analysis of apoptosis. HSP90: Heat-shock protein 90; NC: Negative control; V-FITC: Vascular fluorescein isothiocyanate.