Performance of flash continuous glucose monitoring and glycemic marker correlations in Chinese pregnant women with non-type 1 diabetes

Table 1 Characteristics of participants.

Characteristic	GDM	T2DM	P value
N	89 (58.6%)	63 (41.4%)	-
Age (years)	35.3 ± 3.8	35.6 ± 3.9	0.717
Age at diagnosis (years)	35 (33-38)	33 (29.5-36)	0.002
Gestational age at first visit (weeks)	29.3 (26.6-32.7)	10.7 (8.1-16.7)	< 0.001
Pre-pregnancy BMI (kg/m2)	23.3 (20.4-25.8)	25.1 (22.1-29.0)	0.003
Gravidity	2 (1-3)	1 (1-2)	0.04
Parity	0 (0-1)	0 (0-0)	0.072
Mode of conception
Natural conception	68 (76.4%)	53 (84.1%)	0.495
IVF-ET	16 (18.0%)	8 (12.7%)	0.488
Ovulation induction by letrozole	5 (5.6%)	2 (3.2%)	0.516
Singleton pregnancy	83 (93.3%)	62 (98.4%)	0.24
Multiple pregnancy	6 (6.7%)	1 (1.6%)	0.24
HbA1c (%)	5.2 (5.0-5.5)	5.3 (5.0-5.9)	0.02
GA (%)	13.3 (12.2-13.7)	13.3 (12.6-14.6)	0.364
Hemoglobin (g/L)	125.7 ± 10.1	124.9 ± 10.8	0.613
Serum iron (μg/dL)	92.0 (75.5-116.0)	108.0 (82-132)	0.049
Serum ferritin (ng/mL)	28.5 (16.0-52.8)	53 (35-92)	< 0.001
Serum vitamin B12 (pg/mL)	312 (228-433)	342 (281-476)	0.072
Pharmacotherapy
Insulin	50 (56.2%)	40 (63.5%)	0.012
Metformin	0 (0%)	1 (1.6%)	0.349
Insulin and metformin	0 (0%)	8 (12.7%)	< 0.001
CGM profiles	2 (1-3)	2 (1-6)	0.063
CGM metrics
Number of days CGM worn (days)1	12.5 (11.3-12.8)	12.9 (11.3-12.9)	0.081
Percentage of time CGM is active (%)	100 (100-100)	100 (100-100)	0.636
Mean glucose (mmol/L)	5.5 (5.2-5.8)	5.4 (5.0-5.9)	0.214
Time in range (%) (3.5-7.8 mmol/L)	93.4 (87.5-96.8)	91.1 (84.7-95.4)	0.001
Time above range (%) (> 7.8 mmol/L)	3.9 (1.3-8.6)	4.8 (1.6-10.7)	0.045
Time below range (%) (< 3.5 mmol/L)	0.7 (0.2-3.1)	1.4 (0.2-4.3)	0.021
Time below range (%) (< 3.0 mmol/L)	0.1 (0-0.9)	0.2 (0-1.1)	0.215
Coefficient of variation (%)	19.9 (17.5-23.1)	21.9 (19.0-25.5)	< 0.001

¹The first 24 hours of data were excluded from analysis.

Continuous variables with normal distribution are expressed as the mean ± SD, non-normally distributed variables as the median (range), and categorical variables as the number (percentage). A P value below 0.05 indicated statistical significance. GDM: Gestational diabetes mellitus; T2DM: Type 2 diabetes mellitus; BMI: Body mass index; IVF-ET: In vitro fertilization and embryo transfer; HbA1c: Hemoglobin A1c; GA: Glycated albumin; CGM: Continuous glucose monitoring.