Copyright
©The Author(s) 2025.
World J Diabetes. Aug 15, 2025; 16(8): 104371
Published online Aug 15, 2025. doi: 10.4239/wjd.v16.i8.104371
Published online Aug 15, 2025. doi: 10.4239/wjd.v16.i8.104371
Table 3 Outcome of meal replacement on hemoglobin A1c, glucose, weight, other health status and adverse effects
Ref. | Year | HbA1c | Glucose | Weight (kg) | Lipid profile | Other health status | Adverse effects |
Low calorie/energy MR (n = 32) | |||||||
Rothberg et al[75] | 2014 | 1R | / | 1R | / | / | Not reported |
Tatti et al[41] | 2010 | 1R | 1R | 1R | Total cholesterol - 1R; Triglycerides - 1R; HDL - 2I | SBP - 1R; DBP - 1R | Not reported |
Steven et al[51] | 2016 | 1R | 1R | 1R | 1R | Plasma insulin levels - 1R | Not reported |
Shantha et al[101] | 2012 | 1R | / | 1R | / | / | Not reported |
Astbury et al[35] | 2018 | 1R | 1R | 1R | NC | HOMA-IR - 2I | Constipation (1 in 7), fatigue (1 in 12), Headache (1 in 17), dizziness (1 in 22) |
Baker et al[52] | 2011 | / | / | 1R | / | Plasma insulin levels - 1R | Not reported |
Bhatt et al[82] | 2017 | 1R | 1R | 1R | Triglycerides - 1R; HDL - NC; LDL - NC | / | Not reported |
Berk et al[42] | 2016 | 1R | 1R | 1R | Total cholesterol - 1R; Triglycerides - 1R; HDL - 2I; LDL - 1R; Non-HDL Cho - 1R | / | Not reported |
Shiau et al[54] | 2017 | 1R | / | 1R | / | / | Not reported |
Cinkajzlová et al[102] | 2017 | / | 1R | 1R | Total cholesterol - 1R; Triglycerides - 1R; HDL - 2I; LDL - 1R | / | Not reported |
Taheri et al[40] | 2019 | 1R | / | 1R | Total cholesterol - 2I; Triglycerides - 1R; HDL - 2I; LDL - 2I | Diabetes remission% - 1R; Quality of life - 2I | Dizziness, constipation and other gastrointestinal; symptoms, hair loss, and fatigue |
Harder et al[83] | 2003 | 1R | 1R | 1R | Total cholesterol - 1R; Triglycerides - 1R; LDL - 1R | / | Not reported |
Friedman et al[84] | 2013 | 1R | 1R | 1R | / | Serum creatinine, cystatin C and estimated glomerular filtration rate- 1R; Albuminuria - 1R | Elevations in BUN and serum creatinine early in the diet, resolved after reducing doses of antihypertensive medications |
Lean and Leslie[77] | 2017 | 1R | / | 1R | / | / | Not reported |
Leader et al[55] | 2012 | 1R | / | 1R | / | / | Not reported |
Overl et al[104] | 2017 | 1R | / | 1R | / | / | Not reported |
Gulsin et al[69] | 2020 | 1R | / | 1R | / | Blood pressure - 1R | Not reported |
Farrer and Golley[36] | 2013 | 1R | / | 1R | Cholesterol - NC | / | Not reported |
Sumithran and Proietto[56] | 2008 | 1R | 1R | 1R | / | / | Not reported |
Rolland et al[105] | 2013 | / | / | 1R | / | / | Not reported |
Dhindsa et al[71] | 2003 | 1R | / | 1R | 1R | BP - 1R | Not reported |
Khoo et al[85] | 2011 | / | 1R | 1R | LDL - 1R | Quantitative Insulin Sensitivity check - 2I | Not reported |
Moriconi et al[97] | 2021 | 1R | / | 1R | Total cholesterol - 1R | SBP - 1R | Not reported |
Tang and Lin[86] | 2020 | 1R | 1R | 1R | Total cholesterol - 1R; Triglycerides - 1R; HDL - 2I; LDL - 1R | / | Not reported |
Maher et al[106] | 2019 | 1R | / | 1R | / | / | Not reported |
Nori Janosz et al[34] | 2008 | 1R | NC | 1R | / | / | Not reported |
Storck et al[57] | 2021 | 1R | 1R | 1R | Total cholesterol - 1R; Triglycerides - 1R | WC - 1R; Liver profile - 1R; Insulin and HOMAIR - 2I | Constipation (n = 5) |
Schwasinger-Schmidt et al[107] | 2020 | 1R | 1R | 1R | / | / | Not reported |
Steven and Taylor[58] | 2015 | 1R | 1R | 1R | 1R | / | Not reported |
Redmon et al[72] | 2003 | 1R | 1R | 1R | Total cholesterol - 1R; Triglycerides - 1R; LDL - 1R | / | Dry mouth; Constipation; Mild hypoglycemia |
Lips et al[87] | 2014 | / | 1R | 1R | / | HOMA-IR - 1R | Not reported |
Abi-Chahine et al[108] | 2021 | 1R | / | 1R | / | Quality of life - 2I | Not reported |
Rafey et al[113] | 2022 | 1R | / | / | / | Leptin - 1R; Adiponectin - 2I | Not reported |
Hocking et al[61] | 2023 | 1R | / | 1R | / | / | Two serious adverse events - hypotension |
Anyiam et al[99] | 2023 | / | / | R | / | / | / |
De Freitas et al[115] | 2023 | R | R | R | Total cholesterol - R; Triglycerides - R; HDL - I; LDL - R | HOMA-IR - R | / |
Khoo et al[116] | 2023 | 1R | / | 1R | / | / | / |
Low Glycemic Index MR (n = 5) | |||||||
Stenvers et al[28] | 2014 | NC | 1R | NC | NC | / | Altered defecation pattern and/or flatulence - n = 8; Nausea - n = 1; Mild attack of gout - n = 1 |
Foster et al[88] | 2013 | 1R | 1R | 1R | Total cholesterol - 1R; Triglycerides - 1R; HDL - 2I; LDL - 1R | BP - 1R | No related adverse effects |
Boonyavarakul et al[39] | 2018 | 1R | 1R | 1R | Total cholesterol - 1R; Triglycerides - 2I; LDL - 1R | / | Not reported |
Li et al[33] | 2014 | 1R | NC | 1R | / | / | Not reported |
Eliana and Pranoto[117] | 2018 | / | 1R | / | / | / | Vomiting - n = 1; Soft stools - n = 1 |
Santen et al[89] | 2023 | 1R | / | 1R | Total cholesterol - R | / | / |
Diabetes specific formulas (n = 13) | |||||||
Belcaro et al[32] | 2009 | 1R | 1R | 1R | / | / | No adverse effects |
Fonda et al[43] | 2010 | / | 1R | / | / | / | Not reported |
Garvey et al[119] | 2006 | 1R | 1R | 1R | HDL-C - 2I | Insulin sensitivity - 2I; SBP and DBP - 1R; Quality of life - 2I | Not reported |
Sun et al[37] | 2008 | 1R | 1R | 1R | NC | / | Not reported |
Peng et al[44] | 2019 | 1R | 1R | 1R | Triglycerides - 1R | SBP - 2I; HOMA-IR - 2I | Not reported |
Chee et al[45] | 2017 | 1R | 1R | 1R | HDL - 2I; LDL - 1R | SBP - 1R | Not reported |
Lansink et al[31] | 2011 | / | NC | 1R | / | / | Low incidence and mild intensity of reported abdominal pain |
Mottalib et al[30] | 2018 | 1R | NC | 1R | Total cholesterol - NC; HDL - 2I; LDL - NC | / | Not reported |
Otto et al[48] | 2009 | 1R | / | 1R | / | Not reported | |
Yip et al[73] | 2001 | 1R | 1R | 1R | Total cholesterol - 1R; LDL - 1R | Insulin levels - 1R | Not reported |
Mottalib et al[38] | 2016 | / | 1R | / | NC | / | Not reported |
Cheskin et al[80] | 2008 | 1R | 1R | 1R | HDL: 34 weeks - 2I; 86 weeks - 2I | SBP and DBP - 1R | Not reported |
Mustad et al[49] | 2020 | / | 1R | / | / | / | Not reported |
Dharmalingam et al[93] | 2022 | 1R | 1R | 1R | Total cholesterol - R; Triglycerides - R; HDL - I; LDL - I | / | No serious adverse events; Six mild adverse effects: Loss of appetite, stomach bloating, peripheral leg edema, burning micturition, and urinary retention |
Zagury et al[100] | 2022 | / | 1R | / | / | / | No serious adverse events. 4 participants (13%) had mild diarrhea and 3 participants (10%) had mild nausea |
Protein rich MR (n = 10) | |||||||
Keogh and Clifton[90] | 2012 | 1R | 1R | 1R | Total cholesterol - 1R; Triglycerides - 1R; LDL - 1R | SBP and DBP - 1R | Not reported |
Navas-Carretero et al[29] | 2011 | / | NC | 1R | NC | / | Not reported |
Kempf et al[64] | 2014 | 1R | 1R | 1R | Triglycerides - 1R; HDL - 2I | / | Not reported |
Kempf et al[65] | 2014 | / | / | 1R | / | SBP and DBP - 1R | Not reported |
Kempf et al[120] | 2015 | 1R | / | 1R | / | / | Not reported |
Martin et al[66] | 2014 | 1R | / | 1R | / | / | Not reported |
Li et al[74] | 2005 | 1R | 1R | 1R | / | High-sensitivity C-reactive protein - 1R | Not reported |
Kempf et al[68] | 2017 | 1R | 1R | 1R | / | SBP - 1R; Quality of life and eating behaviour - 2I | Not reported |
Shirai et al[91] | 2013 | 1R | 1R | 1R | HDL - 2I | Insulin and HOMAIR - 1R; Leptin - 1R; Adiponectin - 2I; Lipoprotein lipase mass - 2I | Not reported |
Kempf et al[67] | 2018 | 1R | 1R | 1R | / | / | Not reported |
Low fat MR (n = 1) | |||||||
Barbosa-Yañez et al[81] | 2018 | 1R | / | 1R | 1R | / | Not reported |
MR + lifestyle intervention programme (n = 9) | |||||||
Delahanty et al[121] | 2020 | 1R | / | 1R | / | / | Not reported |
Wycherley et al[95] | 2008 | / | 1R | 1R | / | / | Not reported |
Reynolds et al[122] | 2002 | 1R | / | 1R | Total cholesterol - 1R; LDL - 1R | WC- 1R; BP - 1R | Not reported |
Hamdy and Carver[96] | 2008 | 1R | / | 1R | 1R | / | Not reported |
Pi-Sunyer et al[50] | 2009 | 1R | 1R | 1R | Triglycerides - 1R; HDL - 2I | WC - 1R | Not reported |
Lean et al[18] | 2018 | 1R | / | 1R | / | Quality of life - 2I | 65% reported constipation, 57% reported sensitivity to cold and 53% reported headache |
Sattar et al[78] | 2023 | R | R | 1R | Total cholesterol - R; HDL - R | WC - R | / |
McDiarmid et al[142] | 2021 | R | / | 1R | / | / | / |
Marples et al[79] | 2022 | 1R | / | 1R | Total cholesterol - R; Triglycerides - 1R; HDL - I; LDL - R | / | No serious adverse events were reported.; Mild side-effects: Constipation, diarrhoea, nausea, fatigue and feeling cold |
- Citation: Lew LC, Mat Ludin AF, Abdul Manaf Z, Mohd Tohit N, Shahar S. Mapping evidence and identifying risks: A systematic scoping review of meal replacements in type 2 diabetes. World J Diabetes 2025; 16(8): 104371
- URL: https://www.wjgnet.com/1948-9358/full/v16/i8/104371.htm
- DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.4239/wjd.v16.i8.104371