Intervention effect of combined resistance and aerobic exercise on type 2 diabetes: A meta-analysis

Table 2 Characteristics of the included studies

Ref.	Sample (male/female)	Age	Outcome	Exercise method			Duration exercise program (month)	Resistance exercise-aerobic exercise combination (year)	Value of reference
				Treatment group (resistance exercise-aerobic exercise combination)		Control group
Yavari et al[12], 2012	52/46	56-75	(1), (2), (4), (5)	Resistance band exercises, including 10 different movements, with 3 sets of 15-20 repetitions per movement	Gait training at an intensity of 3.6-5.2 metabolic equivalents	Simple exercise: Slow walking	12	2-19/1-6	B
Church et al[13], 2010	69/68	≥ 34	(1), (2), (5), (6)	5 resistance training machines, with 3 sets of 8 repetitions per machine, resistance ranging from 60% of baseline to approximately 2.5 kg	Cycling ergometer at an intensity of 50%-85% of VO2 peak	Jogging for 30 minutes	12	2-3/1-6	A
Reid et al[14], 2010	60/62	30-55	(1), (2), (3)	9 exercises using machines and free weights, with 3 sets of 10 repetitions per exercise	Treadmill, upright stationary bike, recumbent stationary bike, and elliptical trainer at an intensity of 65%-70% of predicted heart rate	Treadmill for 20 minutes	12	2-25/1-6	A
Eskandary et al[15], 2017	37/37	≥ 30	(1), (2), (4), (5), (6)	7 exercises using weight machines, with 2-3 sets of 7-9 repetitions at maximum weight	Cycling or treadmill at an intensity of 60%-75% of maximum heart rate	Simple exercise: Slow walking	12	1-6	A
Al-Mhanna et al[16], 2024	63/63	< 43	(1), (2), (3), (5)	8 exercises using weight machines, with 2-3 sets of 6-8 repetitions per exercise	Cycling ergometer at an intensity of 65%-85% of heart rate reserve	Simple aerobic exercise for 20 minutes + 10 minutes of slow walking	12	2-19	A
Fatone et al[17], 2010	42/37	≥ 32	(1), (2), (4), (5), (6)	No machine-based exercises, with 3 sets of 8-10 repetitions per exercise	Treadmill, elliptical machine, or cycle ergometer at an intensity of 60%-75% of maximum heart rate	Simple exercise: Slow walking	12	1-4/1-5	B

(1): Fasting blood glucose level; (2): Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol level; (3): High-density lipoprotein cholesterol level; (4): Triglycerides level; (5): Glycated hemoglobin A1c level; (6): Total cholesterol level.