Impact of longer diabetes duration and lower estimated glomerular filtration rate on cardiovascular complications and mortality: A nationwide population-based study

Table 1 Baseline characteristics of the study population based on diabetes duration, n (%)/mean ± SD

	New-onset (n = 706461)	< 5 yr (n = 508600)	5–9 yr (n = 423032)	≥ 10 yr (n = 467135)	P
Age (yr)	52.98 ± 11.9	57.52 ± 11.1	60.56 ± 10.6	63.93 ± 9.9	< 0.0001
Sex (male)	481589 (68.2)	299076 (58.8)	246708 (58.3)	264560 (56.6)	< 0.0001
Smoking					< 0.0001
Non-smokers	332142 (47.01)	276207 (54.31)	238244 (56.32)	281535 (60.27)
Ex-smokers	157675 (22.32)	112509 (22.12)	95514 (22.58)	105528 (22.59)
Current smokers	216644 (30.67)	119884 (23.57)	89274 (21.1)	80072 (17.14)
Alcohol consumption					< 0.0001
None	300444 (42.53)	291682 (57.35)	253053 (59.82)	308113 (65.96)
Mild	311423 (44.08)	170781 (33.58)	134214 (31.73)	128087 (27.42)
Heavy	94594 (13.39)	46137 (9.07)	35765 (8.45)	30935 (6.62)
Regular exercise	140064 (19.83)	111534 (21.93)	96503 (22.81)	114805 (24.58)	< 0.0001
Low income	154498 (21.87)	116919 (22.99)	100476 (23.75)	105547 (22.59)	< 0.0001
Hypertension	310325 (43.93)	286258 (56.28)	258243 (61.05)	302440 (64.74)	< 0.0001
Dyslipidemia	272583 (38.58)	317279 (62.38)	260692 (61.62)	286680 (61.37)	< 0.0001
No. of oral GLD ≥ 3	133 (0.02)	85760 (16.86)	130444 (30.84)	226545 (48.5)	< 0.0001
Insulin use	623 (0.09)	29453 (5.79)	29086 (6.88)	84052 (17.99)	< 0.0001
BMI (kg/m2)	25.74 ± 3.74	25.74 ± 3.62	25.25 ± 3.41	24.52 ± 3.23	< 0.0001
WC (cm)	86.34 ± 9.27	86.63 ± 9.12	86.02 ± 8.82	85.02 ± 8.61	< 0.0001
Systolic BP (mmHg)	129.33 ± 15.22	127.23 ± 14.38	127.75 ± 14.69	128.15 ± 15.19	< 0.0001
Diastolic BP (mmHg)	80.45 ± 10.3	78.24 ± 9.53	77.5 ± 9.46	75.9 ± 9.51	<.0001
Fasting glucose (mg/dL)	151.14 ± 41.23	136.54 ± 43.02	144.22 ± 47.37	150.1 ± 52.12	< 0.0001
Total cholesterol (mg/dL)	209.39 ± 41.85	181.72 ± 41.28	177.47 ± 40.03	171.98 ± 38.99	< 0.0001
HDL-C (mg/dL)	52.46 ± 16.27	50.72 ± 14.25	50.69 ± 13.83	50.37 ± 14.08	< 0.0001
LDL-C (mg/dL)	121.35 ± 38.42	100.06 ± 36.78	97.02 ± 35.69	93.73 ± 34.61	<.0001
Triglyceride (mg/dL)	158.94 (158.72–159.16)	137.31 (137.1–137.52)	131.6 (131.39–131.82)	122.67 (122.48–122.86)	< 0.0001
eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m2)					< 0.0001
≥ 90	427078 (60.45)	291515 (57.32)	219064 (51.78)	201984 (43.24)
60-90	259089 (36.67)	193292 (38)	173265 (40.96)	200657 (42.95)
30-60	18770 (2.66)	21810 (4.29)	27807 (6.57)	55283 (11.83)
< 30	767 (0.11)	904 (0.18)	1442 (0.34)	5010 (1.07)
ESKD	757 (0.11)	1079 (0.21)	1454 (0.34)	4201 (0.9)

GLD: Glucose-lowering drugs; BMI: Body-mass index; WC: Waist circumference; BP: Blood pressure; HDL-C: High-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-C: Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; eGFR: Estimated glomerular filtration rate; ESKD: End-stage kidney disease.