Pig bile powder maintains blood glucose homeostasis by promoting glucagon-like peptide-1 secretion via inhibiting farnesoid X receptor

Figure 6 Mechanism of glucose disorder amelioration by bile powder-mediated intestinal glucagon-like peptide-1 secretion. Our study revealed that bile powder interacts with the intestinal enteroendocrine L cells to inhibit farnesoid X receptor signaling and to promote glucagon-like peptide-1 production. Bile powder is a glucagon-like peptide-1 stimulator and attenuates blood glucose impairment. GLP-1: Glucagon-like peptide-1; FXR: Farnesoid X receptor.