Pig bile powder maintains blood glucose homeostasis by promoting glucagon-like peptide-1 secretion via inhibiting farnesoid X receptor

Figure 3 Bile acid mixture stimulated glucagon-like peptide-1 secretion in STC-1 cells. A: Schematic diagram. STC-1 cells were treated with 0, 10, and 20 μg/mL of mixed bile acids for 1 hour or 24 hours to determine glucagon-like peptide-1 secretion and the proglucagon (Gcg) expression level; B: Glucagon-like peptide-1 levels in the medium after 1 hour of treatment; C: Glucagon-like peptide-1 levels in the medium after 24 hours of treatment; D: Relative expression levels of Gcg in STC-1 cells after 24 hours of treatment. Data are shown as mean ± SEM. P < 0.05 compared between groups. Statistical analysis was performed using the Student’s t-test. ^aP < 0.05. BA: Bile acid; ELASA: Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay; RT-PCR: Real-time polymerase chain reaction; GLP-1: Glucagon-like peptide-1.