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Copyright ©The Author(s) 2023.
World J Diabetes. Oct 15, 2023; 14(10): 1502-1513
Published online Oct 15, 2023. doi: 10.4239/wjd.v14.i10.1502
Table 2 The influence of prebiotics, probiotics, and postbiotics on metabolic syndrome
Category
Influence

PrebioticInulinDecrease Firmicutes to Bacteroidetes ratio[22] Improvement in Obesity
FructooligosaccharidesIncrease Bifidobacterium[26]Promotes gut health
Decrease expression of inflammatory cytokines
Improved Insulin sensitivity
Galactooligosaccharides Increase Akkermansia mucinophila. Increase in Prevotella[27]Intestinal barrier protection
Improved Insulin sensitivity
Decrease inflammation
ProbioticBifidobacteriumIncreasing Akkermansia mucinophila[56] Intestinal barrier protection
Improved Insulin sensitivity
Decrease inflammation
LactobacillusDecreasing Firmicutes to Bacteroidetes ratio[57] Improvement in Obesity
PostbioticHeat-killed Akkermansia mucinophilaImproves metabolic state in Obesity
Heat-inactivated Lactobacillus paracaseiReduces the risk of pharyngitis, laryngitis, and diarrhea
Heat-inactivated Bifidobacterium bifidumReduces symptoms of irritable bowel syndrome
Butyrate (SCFA produced by the inactive microbe)Increasing Lachnospiraceae[46] Protection against diabetes and cardio-vascular diseases
Increasing Proteobacteria[46]Increased gut mucus production
Decreasing Clostridiaceae[46]Increased gut barrier integrity