Partners in diabetes epidemic: A global perspective

Table 2 Mitochondrial dysfunctions affecting diabetes

Defect	Consequence	Ref.
↑ Mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation in pancreatic β-cells	↑ROS, β-cell failure	American Diabetes Association[96], Marroqui et al[98]
↓ Mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation in skeletal muscle	↓ NADH oxidoreductase activity, ↓ citrate synthase activity, ↑ fat droplets in muscle cells, insulin resistance	Petersen et al[100], Petersen et al[101], Zhang et al[106]
↓ Size and number of mitochondria per unit	↑ Fatty acyl-CoA and diacylglycerol, ↑ protein kinase C activities, insulin resistance	Abdul-Ghani and DeFronzo[103], Lowell and Shulman[104]
↓ Expression of NRF-dependent genes	Insulin resistance	Lu et al[97], Patti et al[105]
UCP2 deficiency in β-cells	↑ Islet ATP levels, ↑ glucose-stimulated insulin secretion, obesity, β-cell failure	Zhang et al[106]

NADH: Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide; NRF: Nuclear respiratory factor-1; ROS: Reactive oxygen species; UCP: Uncoupling protein 2.