Role of nucleic acid sensing in the pathogenesis of type 1 diabetes

Table 1 Nucleic acid sensors involved in various autoimmune diseases including type 1 diabetes

No.	Nucleic acid sensor	Downstream signaling molecule	Autoimmune disease	Ref.
1	TLR9	Myd88/ IRF3/7	SLE	[73,74]
2	TLR7	Myd88	T1D	[27]
3	TLR3	TRIF	T1D	[25,75]
4	RLR	IRF3	Singleton-Merton Syndrome,	[76,77]
			AGS and T1D	[34,78]
5	cGAS-STING	cGMP	SLE and AGS	[79,80]
6	NLR	Inflammasome activation	T1D and SLE	[58,81]
7	AIM		SLE	[81]
8	IFI16	Inflammasome	Primary Sjogren’s Syndrome	[82]
		Activation	Rheumatoid Arthritis	[83]
9	CTL	Bcl10/CARD9	Multiple Sclerosis	[84]

AIM: Absent-in-melanoma; cGAS-STING: Cyclic GMP-AMP synthase-stimulator of interferon genes; CTL: C-type lectin; NLR: Nucleotide-binding and oligomerization domain-like receptor; RLR: Retinoic acid inducible gene-I-like receptors; TLR: Toll-like receptor; TRIF: TIR-domain-containing adapter-inducing IFN-β.