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©The Author(s) 2015. Published by Baishideng Publishing Group Inc. All rights reserved.
World J Diabetes. May 15, 2015; 6(4): 554-565
Published online May 15, 2015. doi: 10.4239/wjd.v6.i4.554
Published online May 15, 2015. doi: 10.4239/wjd.v6.i4.554
Toxic stress, inflammation and symptomatology of chronic complications in diabetes
Charles A Downs, Melissa Spezia Faulkner, Nell Hodgson Woodruff School of Nursing, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, United States
Author contributions: Downs CA and Faulkner MS contributed equally to the conceptualization, development, writing and final review of this paper.
Conflict-of-interest: There are no conflicts of interest.
Open-Access: This article is an open-access article which was selected by an in-house editor and fully peer-reviewed by external reviewers. It is distributed in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial (CC BY-NC 4.0) license, which permits others to distribute, remix, adapt, build upon this work non-commercially, and license their derivative works on different terms, provided the original work is properly cited and the use is non-commercial. See: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/
Correspondence to: Melissa Spezia Faulkner, PhD, RN, FAAN, Nell Hodgson Woodruff School of Nursing, 1520 Clifton Road, Suite 244, Atlanta, GA 30322, United States. melissa.faulkner@emory.edu
Telephone: +1-404-7129693 Fax: +1-404-7274645
Received: August 28, 2014
Peer-review started: August 28, 2014
First decision: December 17, 2014
Revised: December 30, 2014
Accepted: February 10, 2015
Article in press: February 12, 2015
Published online: May 15, 2015
Peer-review started: August 28, 2014
First decision: December 17, 2014
Revised: December 30, 2014
Accepted: February 10, 2015
Article in press: February 12, 2015
Published online: May 15, 2015
Core Tip
Core tip: The incidence of diabetes and associated complications are increasing. Toxic stress and inflammation may be contributors to the development and progression of diabetes complications. Current evidence supports early identification of symptoms of toxic stress for preventative strategies of associated risks for diabetes complications as well as assessment of the exacerbation of symptoms related to neuropathy, cardiovascular disease and nephropathy.