Molecular predictive markers in tumors of the gastrointestinal tract

Table 1 Overall gene mutation frequency in each molecular signaling pathway

Biologic pathway	Frequency of mutation in genes involved in each pathway	Therapies that target the pathway
Beta-catenin/WNT signaling	75%	FZD, GSK inhibitors
Cell cycle control	68%	CDK, CDK1, CDK2, CDK4/6 inhibitors
Receptor tyrosine kinase/growth factor signaling	67%	Therapeutic antibodies/tyrosine kinase inhibitors
MAP kinase signaling	61%	BRAF, ERK, MEK AND SRC inhibitors
PI3K/AKT1/MTOR	52%	Allosteric mTORC1 inhibitors/mTORC1/2 catalytic inhibitors
DNA damage/repair	48%	PARP INHIBITORS
TGFbeta signaling	37%	TGFBR1 inhibitors
Chromatin remodeling/DNA methylation	32%	DNMT inhibitors, Histone deactylase
Immune checkpoints	26%	Anti-CTLA4 antibodies, anti-PD-1 antibodies, Anti-PD-L1 antibodies, Immunotherapies
JAK/STAT signaling	23%	JAK inhibitors
Hedgehog signaling	12%	SMO inhibitors

The information concerning therapies that target each molecular pathway was retrieved for MyCancer Genome Site (Available from: URL: http//http://www.mycancergenome.org/).