Immunotherapeutic approaches in biliary tract carcinoma: Current status and emerging strategies

Table 2 Trials of immunotherapy in biliary tract carcinoma

Immunotherapy	Treatment regimens	Phase	n	Types of BTC	OS (mo)	PFS (mo)	Ref.
Peptide-based vaccine (WT1)	Peptide vaccine + gemcitabine	I	25	Pancreatic, GBC, ICC, ECC	9.3	--	[44]
Peptide-based vaccine (WT1)	Peptide vaccine monotherapy	I	9	Pancreatic, CC	--	--	[45]
Peptide-based vaccine (NUF2, CDH3, KIF20A)	Peptide vaccine triple therapy	I	9	GBC, ICC, ECC	9.7	3.4	[46]
Peptide-based vaccine (LY6K, TTK, IGF2BP3, DEPDC1)	Peptide vaccine quadruple therapy	I	9	GBC, ICC, ECC	12.3	5	[47]
Peptide-based vaccine (Many)	Personalized peptide vaccination	II	25	GBC, ICC, ECC	6.7	--	[48]
	+/- chemotherapy
Dendritic cell-based vaccine (MUC1)	Dendritic cell vaccination	I/II	12	Pancreatic, CC	26	--	[49]
	+/- chemotherapy +/- radiotherapy
Dendritic cell-based vaccine (WT1, MUC1)	Peptide vaccine	--	65	GBC, ICC, ECC	--	--	[50]
	+/- chemotherapy
Dendritic cell-based vaccine, adoptive immunotherapy	Surgery + dendritic cell vaccine + T-cell transfer vs surgery alone	--	36	ICC	31.9	18.3	[51]
Interleukin-2	Induction cisplatin + gemcitabine, consolidation capecitabine + radiation, and maintenance IL-2 + 13-cis-retinoic acid	II	54	Pancreatic, GBC, CC	> 27.5	16.2	[52]

CC: Cholangiocarcinoma; OS: Overall survival; PFS: Progression-free survival; WT1: Wilm’s tumor 1; NUF2: Cell division cycle associated protein 1; CDH3: Cadherin 3; DEPDC1: DEP domain containing 1; ECC: Extrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma; GBC: Gallbladder cancer; ICC: Intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma; IGF2BP3: Insulin-like growth factor-II mRNA binding protein 3; KIF20A: Kinesin family member 20A; LY6K: Lymphocyte antigen 6 complex locus K; MUC1: Mucin 1.