Omission of breakfast and risk of gastric cancer in Mexico

Table 2 Association between sociodemographic characteristics, habits, diet and pathological history of gastric cancer n (%)

	With GC (49)1	Without GC (162)1	OR (95% CI)	P value
Education level
Higher than primary	9 (18.4)	110 (67.9)	1
Primary or below	40 (81.6)	52 (32.1)	9.40 (4.25-20.81)	< 0.0001
Socioeconomic level
Medium-high	7 (14.3)	70 (43.2)	1
Low	42 (85.7)	92 (56.8)	4.57 (1.93-10.77)	0.0002
Use of tobacco2
Non-smoker	27 (55.1)	87 (53.7)	1
Smoker-ex-smoker	22 (44.9)	75 (46.3)	0.95 (0.50-1.80)	0.99
Pattern of tobacco consumption3
Occasional	15 (30.6)	54 (33.3)	1
Habitual	7 (14.3)	22 (13.6)	1.15 (0.41-3.19)	0.49
Consumption of alcohol4
Non-consumer	20 (40.8)	57 (35.2)	1
Consumer-ex-consumer	29 (59.2)	105 (64.8)	0.79 (0.41-1.51)	0.47
Pattern of alcohol consumption5
Occasional	21 (72.4)	101 (96.2)	1
Habitual	8 (27.6)	4 (3.8)	9.62 (2.65-34.90)	0.0001
Use of mouthwash
No	46 (93.9)	127 (78.4)	1
Yes	3 (6.1)	35 (21.6)	0.24 (0.07-0.81)	0.014
Use of dental prosthesis
No	31 (63.3)	158 (97.5)	1
Yes	18 (36.7)	4 (2.5)	22.94 (7.26-72.42)	< 0.0001
Refrigeration of food
Yes	24 (49.0)	137 (84.6)	1
No	25 (51.0)	25 (15.4)	5.71 (2.82-11.54)	< 0.0001
Omission of breakfast
No	14 (28.6)	137 (84.6)	1
Yes	35 (71.4)	25 (15.4)	13.70 (6.46-29.07)	< 0.0001
Consumption of very hot food or drinks
No	43 (87.8)	159 (98.1)	1
Yes	6 (12.2)	3 (1.9)	7.40 (1.78-30.79)	0.006
Addition of salt to prepared food6
No	32 (65.3)	138 (85.2)	1
Yes	17 (34.7)	24 (14.8)	3.05 (1.47-6.34)	0.002
Consumption of fruit7
Rare	29 (59.2)	64 (39.5)	1
Frequent	20 (40.8)	98 (60.5)	0.45 (0.23-0.86)	0.015
Consumption of vegetables7
Rare	31 (63.3)	69 (42.6)	1
Frequent	18 (36.7)	93 (57.4)	0.43 (0.22-0.88)	0.011
Consumption of salt-preserved foods
No	29 (59.2)	129 (79.6)	1
Yes	20 (40.8)	33 (20.4)	2.70 (1.36-5.35)	0.004
Consumption of capsaicin
No	11 (22.4)	26 (16.0)	1
Yes	38 (77.6)	136 (84.0)	0.66 (0.30-1.46)	0.30
Family history of gastric cancer
No	44 (89.8)	159 (98.1)	1
Yes	5 (10.2)	3 (1.9)	6.02 (1.39-26.19)	0.018

¹Total may vary due to lost values;

²Smoker: Consumes cigarettes currently or consumed prior to diagnosis of gastric cancer (GC); Ex-smoker: Has not consumed cigarettes for at least one year before the interview or on diagnosis of GC; non-smoker: does not consume cigarettes;

³Occasional: Only smokes on special occasions which occur infrequently; habitual: Smokes one or more times per week;

⁴Consumer: Consumes alcohol at the time of the interview or prior to diagnosis with GC; Ex-consumer: Has not consumed alcohol for at least one year before the interview or on diagnosis of GC; Non-consumer: Does not consume alcohol;

⁵Occasional: Only consumes alcohol on special occasions which occur infrequently; Habitual: Consumes alcohol one or more times per week;

⁶Addition of salt to prepared foods, during the course of meals;

⁷Rare: Consumption of less than seven portions per week; Frequent: Consumption of seven or more portions per week.