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Copyright ©2010 Baishideng.
World J Gastrointest Oncol. Mar 15, 2010; 2(3): 136-145
Published online Mar 15, 2010. doi: 10.4251/wjgo.v2.i3.136
Figure 1
Figure 1 Proposed mechanisms of estrogen-induced proliferation of cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) cells. Cross-talk between IGF1 and estrogens has been recently demonstrated to modulate cholangiocarcinoma proliferation, where estrogens act at several points of the IGF1 signal transduction pathway (see ref.# 93,94). In addition, it has been shown that the estrogen proliferative effect on CCA cells is also due to the stimulation of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) synthesis and secretion (see ref.# 93,94).