Endoscopic and surgical management of early esophageal cancer: Current evidence and evolving oncologic strategies

Table 2 Comparative outcomes of treatment modalities for early esophageal cancer

Outcome	EMR	ESD	Esophagectomy
En bloc resection rate	Low–moderate (piecemeal common for larger lesions)	High (> 90%-95%)	Not applicable
R0 resection rate	Moderate (lower for large lesions)	High (approximately 85%-95%)	High
Local recurrence rate	Higher (up to 10%-20%)	Low (< 1%-5%)	Very low
5-year overall survival	Approximately 85%-98% (selected patients)	Approximately 90%-99% (selected patients)	Approximately 85%-95%
Procedure-related mortality	Very low (< 0.5%)	Very low (< 0.5%)	Higher (2%-9%)
Major adverse events	Bleeding, stricture	Perforation, stricture	Pulmonary complications, anastomotic leak

ESD: Endoscopic submucosal dissection; EMR: Endoscopic mucosal resection.