Interpretable multimodal artificial intelligence model for predicting advanced neoplasia in pancreatic cystic lesions

Table 1 Baseline clinical, imaging, and cyst fluid characteristics stratified by outcome (n = 187)

Characteristic	Total (n = 187)	Advanced neoplasia (n = 58)	Non-advanced (n = 129)	P value
Age, median (IQR), year	66 (60-73)	69 (63-76)	63 (57-70)	0.002
Female sex	98 (52.4)	28 (48.3)	70 (54.3)	0.52
Unintentional weight loss	31 (16.6)	18 (31.0)	13 (10.1)	< 0.001
New-onset diabetes	26 (13.9)	13 (22.4)	13 (10.1)	0.04
Enhancing mural nodule on EUS	48 (25.7)	33 (56.9)	15 (11.6)	< 0.001
MPD ≥ 5 mm	52 (27.8)	31 (53.4)	21 (16.3)	< 0.001
Cyst size > 30 mm	81 (43.3)	39 (67.2)	42 (32.6)	< 0.001
Serum CA 19-9 > 37 U/mL	42 (22.5)	27 (46.6)	15 (11.6)	< 0.001
Cyst fluid CEA > 192 ng/mL	58 (31.0)	35 (60.3)	23 (17.8)	< 0.001
Cyst fluid glucose < 50 mg/dL	51 (27.3)	31 (53.4)	20 (15.5)	< 0.001
Hard elastography pattern (score ≥ 3)	41 (21.9)	24 (41.4)	17 (13.2)	< 0.001
Cyst type				< 0.001
BD-IPMN	127 (67.9)	29 (50.0)	98 (76.0)
MD/mixed IPMN	34 (18.2)	20 (34.5)	14 (10.9)
MCN	21 (11.2)	6 (10.3)	15 (11.6)
Other	5 (2.7)	3 (5.2)	2 (1.5)

Data are presented as n (%) or median (interquartile range). Categorical variables were compared using χ² or Fisher’s exact test, as appropriate; continuous variables were compared using the Mann-Whitney U test. MPD: Main pancreatic duct; BD-IPMN: Branch-duct intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm; MD: Main-duct; MCN: Mucinous cystic neoplasm; IQR: Interquartile range; CEA: Carcinoembryonic antigen; CA 19-9: Carbohydrate antigen 19-9; IPMN: Intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasms.