Endoscopic ultrasonography lesion thickness predicts deep invasion in gastric cancer: Development and temporal validation of a preoperative model

doi:10.4251/wjgo.v18.i7.118867

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World Journal of Gastrointestinal Oncology

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1948-5204

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Baishideng Publishing Group Inc, 7041 Koll Center Parkway, Suite 160, Pleasanton, CA 94566, USA

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World J Gastrointest Oncol. Jul 15, 2026; 18(7): 118867
Published online Jul 15, 2026. doi: 10.4251/wjgo.v18.i7.118867

Table 2 Baseline characteristics of the development cohort (2017-2020) and temporal validation cohort (2021-2025), n (%)/median (interquartile range)

Variable¹	Development cohort (2017-2020), n = 518	Temporal validation cohort (2021-2025), n = 246	Overall, n = 764	SMD
Age, years	57.50 (49.00-65.00)	60.00 (53.00-67.00)	59.00 (50.00-66.00)	0.219
Sex				0.163
Male	285 (55.0)	155 (63.0)	440 (57.6)
Female	233 (45.0)	91 (37.0)	324 (42.4)
Tumour location				0.164
Upper stomach (cardia/fundus)	95 (18.3)	37 (15.0)	132 (17.3)
Middle stomach (body/angle)	242 (46.7)	108 (43.9)	350 (45.8)
Lower stomach (antrum/pylorus/remnant)	181 (34.9)	101 (41.1)	282 (36.9)
Lauren classification				0.191
Intestinal	168 (32.4)	97 (39.4)	265 (34.7)
Diffuse	198 (38.2)	80 (32.5)	278 (36.4)
Mixed	152 (29.3)	69 (28.0)	221 (28.9)
EUS lesion thickness, mm	10.10 (7.40-13.60)	8.00 (4.31-12.98)	9.70 (6.17-13.50)	0.346
CEA	2.13 (1.37-4.00)	1.96 (1.19-3.25)	2.07 (1.28-3.63)	0.062
CA19-9	10.79 (6.15-19.63)	9.79 (5.45-17.62)	10.48 (5.98-18.94)	0.070
Pathological stage				0.439
pT1-2	164 (31.7)	130 (52.8)	294 (38.5)
≥ pT3	354 (68.3)	116 (47.2)	470 (61.5)

¹Between-cohort differences are described using standardized mean differences; no hypothesis testing was performed for Table 1. For continuous variables, standardized mean differences were calculated using pooled standard deviations.

SMD: Standardized mean difference; EUS: Endoscopic ultrasonography; CEA: Carcinoembryonic antigen; CA19-9: Carbohydrate antigen 19-9.

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Citation: Cao MY, Chen YF, Liao YX, Yang Q, Lin SY, Li Y, Weng J, Huang XX, Gao XY, Wang GB, Shan HB, Li JJ. Endoscopic ultrasonography lesion thickness predicts deep invasion in gastric cancer: Development and temporal validation of a preoperative model. World J Gastrointest Oncol 2026; 18(7): 118867
URL: https://www.wjgnet.com/1948-5204/full/v18/i7/118867.htm
DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.4251/wjgo.v18.i7.118867

Cao MY, Chen YF, Liao YX, Yang Q, Lin SY, Li Y, Weng J, Huang XX, Gao XY, Wang GB, Shan HB, Li JJ. Endoscopic ultrasonography lesion thickness predicts deep invasion in gastric cancer: Development and temporal validation of a preoperative model. World J Gastrointest Oncol 2026; 18(7): 118867 [DOI: 10.4251/wjgo.v18.i7.118867]

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