Endoscopic ultrasonography lesion thickness predicts deep invasion in gastric cancer: Development and temporal validation of a preoperative model

Table 1 Multivariable logistic regression model for preoperative prediction of pathological ≥ pT3 gastric cancer

Variable1	OR	95%CI	P value
EUS thickness (overall effect)2	N/A	N/A	< 0.001
Lauren: Diffuse-type vs intestinal-type	1.700	0.932-3.101	0.084
Lauren: Mixed-type vs intestinal-type	2.315	1.257-4.261	0.007
Age (per 1-year increase)	1.002	0.982-1.024	0.824
Gender: Male vs female	0.770	0.474-1.250	0.290
Tumour site: Middle vs upper	1.066	0.554-2.051	0.848
Tumour site: Lower vs upper	1.127	0.567-2.240	0.733
CEA (per unit increase)	1.126	1.026-1.235	0.013
CA19-9 (per unit increase)	1.009	0.997-1.022	0.135

¹Values are adjusted odds ratios with 95% confidence intervals from the final multivariable logistic regression model. The outcome was pathological ≥ pT3 (T3/T4) vs T1-2. Lauren intestinal-type, female sex and upper-third tumour location were used as reference categories. Age was modelled per 1-year increase. Serum carcinoembryonic antigen and carbohydrate antigen 19-9 were entered as continuous variables (per 1 ng/mL and per 1 U/mL increase, respectively).

²Endoscopic ultrasonography thickness was included as a continuous predictor using restricted cubic splines with four knots; the overall association was assessed by a Wald test (P < 0.001), and the detailed functional form of the relationship between thickness and predicted risk is shown in Figure 2.

EUS: Endoscopic ultrasonography; OR: Odds ratio; CI: Confidence interval; CEA: Carcinoembryonic antigen; CA19-9: Carbohydrate antigen 19-9; N/A: Not applicable.