Prophylactic sodium thiosulfate reduces the risk and severity of acute kidney injury in oxaliplatin-based hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy

Table 4 Adjusted risk analysis of postoperative acute kidney injury, estimated by logistic regression

Variable	No AKI (n = 58)	AKI (n = 61)	Univariate analysis		Multivariate analysis
			P value	OR (95%CI)	P value	OR (95%CI)
Sodium thiosulfate					< 0.001	0.10 (0.03-0.38)
No	25	48	Reference	-
Yes	33	13	< 0.001	0.21 (0.09-0.46)
Age					0.70	1.19 (0.46-3.24)
≤ 59	25	27	-	Reference
> 59	33	34	0.90	0.95 (0.46-1.97)
Sex					-	-
Male	29	30	Reference	-
Female	29	31	0.93	1.03 (0.50-2.12)
Cardiovascular comorbidities1
0	24	25	Reference	-	-	-
1	16	21	0.60	1.26 (0.53-2.97)	0.37	1.68 (0.54-5.23)
≥ 2	18	15	0.62	0.80 (0.33-1.94)	0.90	0.93 (0.30-2.90)
ASA classification
1	23	25	Reference	-	-	-
2	26	25	0.76	0.89 (0.40-1.95)
3	9	11	0.83	1.12 (0.39-3.20)
Reduced IP dose
No	40	42	Reference	-	-	-
Yes	18	19	0.99	1.01 (0.46-2.19)	0.13	0.41 (0.13-1.28)
Neoadjuvant chemo
No	43	49	Reference	-	-	-
Yes	15	12	0.42	0.70 (0.30-1.66)
Chemotherapy naive
No	33	36	Reference	-	-	-
Yes	25	25	0.82	0.92 (0.44-1.90)
Operation time
≤ 537 minutes	39	21	Reference	-	-	-
> 537 minutes	19	40	< 0.001	3.91 (1.83-8.37)	0.22	1.99 (0.67-5.96)
Intraoperative bleeding
≤ 600 mL	35	30	Reference	1.57 (0.76-3.25)	0.10	2.26 (0.86-5.94)
> 600 mL	23	31	0.22
Intraoperative hypotension (minute)3
None	34	28	Reference	-	-	-
0-7.12	8	7	0.92	1.06 (0.34-3.29)	0.51	0.60 (0.13-2.74)
> 7.12	15	26	0.07	2.11 (0.94-4.73)	0.06	2.82 (0.98-8.16)
Peak lactic acid level
< 2.4	34	28	Reference	-	-	-
≥ 2.4	24	33	0.17	1.67 (0.81-3.45)	0.92	0.95 (0.34-2.64)
Postoperative inotropy4
≤ 32 hours	35	37	Reference	-	-	-
> 32 hours	21	22	0.98	0.99 (0.47-2.11)	0.55	0.75 (0.28-1.97)
Complications
No complication	31	28	Reference	-	-	0.40 (0.13-1.19)
< 3b	24	22	0.97	1.02 (0.47-2.20)	0.10	-
≥ 3b	3	11	0.05	4.06 (1.03-16.1)	0.13	4.43 (0.64-30.5)
Sepsis with AKI	0	4	0.05	N/A2	-	-

¹Diabetes mellitus, hypertension, smoking, body mass index ≥ 30, history of myocardial infarction or peripheral arterial insufficiency.

²Too few cases to be calculated.

³One missing patient.

⁴Four missing patients.

AKI: Acute kidney injury; CI: Confidence interval; OR: Odds ratio; N/A: Not applicable; ASA: American Society of Anesthesiologists; IP: Intraperitoneal chemotherapy.