Low-pH preconditioned macrophage-derived extracellular vesicles enable targeted and enhanced paclitaxel therapy in gastric cancer

Figure 4 Biosafety assessment of low-pH preconditioned macrophage-derived extracellular vesicles in healthy mice. A: Representative hematoxylin and eosin staining of major organs (heart, liver, spleen, lungs, kidneys) from healthy nude mice after intravenous injection of PBS or low-pH preconditioned macrophage-derived extracellular vesicles. Scale bar: 200 μm; B: Complete blood count analysis, including white blood cell, red blood cell, hemoglobin, and platelet counts; C: Serum biochemical parameters reflecting liver function (alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase) and kidney function (blood urea nitrogen, creatinine). Data in (B and C) represent means ± SD (n = 3). Statistical significance was tested with unpaired t test. LP-EV: Low-pH preconditioned macrophage-derived extracellular vesicle; WBC: White blood cell; RBC: Red blood cell; HGB: Hemoglobin; PLT: Platelets; ALT: Alanine aminotransferase; AST: Aspartate aminotransferase; BUN: Blood urea nitrogen; CRE: Creatinine; NS: Not significant.