Letter to the Editor: Exosomal miR-191 activates the NF-κB pathway to drive M2 macrophages polarization in colorectal cancer

Figure 2 The colorectal cancer microenvironment exhibits an exosomal miR-191/NF-κB/M2 macrophage axis. Colorectal cancer cells secrete exosomes containing miR-191 into the tumor microenvironment, where interact with macrophages by being taken in and carrying cargo including miR-191, which can change macrophages polarizations. Exosomal miR-191 stimulates NF-κB activation, shifting macrophages polarization towards an M2 macrophages, (pro-tumor phenotype). Enhanced M2 macrophages activity facilitates an immunosuppressive microenvironment that promotes tumor cell survival, proliferation, and cancer progression. Created in BioRender (Supplementary material). CRC: Colorectal cancer.