Adjuvant programmed death-1 inhibition combined with chemotherapy in resected pancreatic cancer: A real-world cohort study

Figure 1 Flowchart of patient selection and cohort allocation. Among 83 patients who underwent surgical resection for pancreatic cancer between January 2021 and December 2023, 26 were excluded due to prior neoadjuvant therapy, synchronous malignancies, receipt of adjuvant radiotherapy or targeted agents, or incomplete data. The final cohort comprised 57 patients with histologically confirmed pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma and R0/R1 resection. Of these, 26 received adjuvant chemotherapy plus programmed death-1 inhibitors and 31 received chemotherapy alone. PD-1: Programmed death-1; PDAC: Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma.