Letter to the Editor: Bile acids in cholangiocarcinoma: Dual regulation via the hippo-yes-associated protein pathway and model limitations

Figure 1 Glycodeoxycholic acid and deoxycholic acid exert opposing effects on yes-associated protein activation via the mammalian STE20-like protein kinase 1/large tumor suppressor kinase 1 axis. Glycodeoxycholic acid inhibits the phosphorylation of mammalian STE20-like protein kinase 1 and large tumor suppressor kinase 1, thereby promoting yes-associated protein phosphorylation and nuclear translocation, which subsequently activates the expression of genes associated with tumor migration and invasion. In contrast, deoxycholic acid exerts the opposite regulatory effect. GDCA: Glycodeoxycholic acid; DCA: Deoxycholic acid; MST1: Mammalian STE20-like protein kinase 1; LATS1: Large tumor suppressor kinase 1; YAP: Yes-associated protein; TEAD: Transcriptional enhanced associate domain.