Protein induced by vitamin K absence or antagonist-II in hepatocellular carcinoma with normal alpha-fetoprotein: Current advances and controversies

doi:10.4251/wjgo.v18.i5.118297

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World Journal of Gastrointestinal Oncology

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1948-5204

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Baishideng Publishing Group Inc, 7041 Koll Center Parkway, Suite 160, Pleasanton, CA 94566, USA

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World J Gastrointest Oncol. May 15, 2026; 18(5): 118297
Published online May 15, 2026. doi: 10.4251/wjgo.v18.i5.118297

Table 1 Potential mechanisms of protein induced by vitamin K absence/antagonist-II in hepatocellular carcinoma

Ref.	Year	Potential mechanism
Bhatti et al[30]	2021	Association with invasive tumor phenotype
Qian et al[31]	2023	Complementary value in AFP-normal HCC
Dong et al[10]	2023	Value for recurrence surveillance
Kudo[32]	2024	Abnormal vitamin K-dependent carboxylation
Chen et al[33]	2025	Dynamic marker of treatment response

AFP: Alpha-fetoprotein; HCC: Hepatocellular carcinoma.

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Citation: Wang XM, Li HG, Xu JX, Wu X, Li H. Protein induced by vitamin K absence or antagonist-II in hepatocellular carcinoma with normal alpha-fetoprotein: Current advances and controversies. World J Gastrointest Oncol 2026; 18(5): 118297
URL: https://www.wjgnet.com/1948-5204/full/v18/i5/118297.htm
DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.4251/wjgo.v18.i5.118297

Wang XM, Li HG, Xu JX, Wu X, Li H. Protein induced by vitamin K absence or antagonist-II in hepatocellular carcinoma with normal alpha-fetoprotein: Current advances and controversies. World J Gastrointest Oncol 2026; 18(5): 118297 [DOI: 10.4251/wjgo.v18.i5.118297]

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