Assessing hepatocellular carcinoma in Nigeria: A multicenter retrospective cohort review of prevalence, risk factors, and treatment outcomes

doi:10.4251/wjgo.v18.i5.117654

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World Journal of Gastrointestinal Oncology

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1948-5204

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Baishideng Publishing Group Inc, 7041 Koll Center Parkway, Suite 160, Pleasanton, CA 94566, USA

Retrospective Cohort Study

Copyright: ©Author(s) 2026. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial (CC BY-NC 4.0) license. No commercial re-use. See permissions. Published by Baishideng Publishing Group Inc.

World J Gastrointest Oncol. May 15, 2026; 18(5): 117654
Published online May 15, 2026. doi: 10.4251/wjgo.v18.i5.117654

Table 8 Relationships between some clinical scores/stage and overall outcome, n (%)

Variable	Category	Alive	Dead	χ²	P value
Encephalopathy	None	33 (35.1)	61 (64.9)	26.060	< 0.001^a
	Grade 1	3 (50.0)	3 (50.0)
	Grade 2	3 (8.6)	32 (91.4)
	Grade 3	0 (0.0)	31 (100.0)
	Grade 4	0 (0.0)	7 (100.0)
Performance status	0	10 (90.9)	1 (9.1)	45.029	< 0.001^a
	1	8 (40.0)	12 (60.0)
	2	15 (24.2)	47 (75.8)
	3	6 (12.2)	43 (87.8)
	4	0 (0.0)	31 (100.0)
BCLC stage	A	9 (90.0)	1 (10.0)	65.495	< 0.001^a
	B	16 (66.7)	8 (33.3)
	C	6 (12.8)	41 (87.2)
	D	8 (8.7)	84 (91.3)
Abdominal ultrasound	With ascites	14 (11.8)	105 (88.2)	25.366	< 0.001^a
Abdominal ultrasound	Without ascites	25 (46.3)	29 (53.7)
Serum AFP (ng/mL)	< 200	5 (17.2)	24 (82.8)	1.363	0.714
	200-400	4 (25.0)	12 (75.0)
	> 400	9 (19.1)	38 (80.9)
Serum urea/creatinine	Normal	32 (29.4)	77 (70.6)	7.836	0.005^a
Serum urea/creatinine	Deranged	7 (10.9)	57 (89.1)
INR	< 1.7	21 (30.0)	49 (70.0)	7.651	0.022^a
INR	1.7-2.3	2 (5.9)	32 (94.1)
Child-Pugh score	A	18 (58.1)	13 (41.9)	27.780	< 0.001^a
	B	7 (18.9)	30 (81.1)
	C	14 (13.3)	91 (86.7)

^aStatistically significant.

AFP: Alpha fetoprotein; INR: International normalized ratio; BCLC: Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer.

Full Size Table

Citation: Musa Y, Dankiri NA, Saleh HT, Onyia CP, Abdulkareem LO, Okonkwo KC, Abdulkareem FB, Shu'aibu RB, Aminu AS, Ewa AM, Abdullahi HZ, Njideka AW, Sunusi HI, Ijoma UN, Sunday NV, Chukwudike ES, Okeke UF, Asogwa PU, Mukoro GD, Abdullahi MK, Odeghe EA, Nwoko C, Takwashe IM, Oguntoye OO, Owoseni OO, Jimoh AO, Oyeleke GK. Assessing hepatocellular carcinoma in Nigeria: A multicenter retrospective cohort review of prevalence, risk factors, and treatment outcomes. World J Gastrointest Oncol 2026; 18(5): 117654
URL: https://www.wjgnet.com/1948-5204/full/v18/i5/117654.htm
DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.4251/wjgo.v18.i5.117654

Musa Y, Dankiri NA, Saleh HT, Onyia CP, Abdulkareem LO, Okonkwo KC, Abdulkareem FB, Shu'aibu RB, Aminu AS, Ewa AM, Abdullahi HZ, Njideka AW, Sunusi HI, Ijoma UN, Sunday NV, Chukwudike ES, Okeke UF, Asogwa PU, Mukoro GD, Abdullahi MK, Odeghe EA, Nwoko C, Takwashe IM, Oguntoye OO, Owoseni OO, Jimoh AO, Oyeleke GK. Assessing hepatocellular carcinoma in Nigeria: A multicenter retrospective cohort review of prevalence, risk factors, and treatment outcomes. World J Gastrointest Oncol 2026; 18(5): 117654 [DOI: 10.4251/wjgo.v18.i5.117654]

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