Assessing hepatocellular carcinoma in Nigeria: A multicenter retrospective cohort review of prevalence, risk factors, and treatment outcomes

doi:10.4251/wjgo.v18.i5.117654

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World Journal of Gastrointestinal Oncology

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1948-5204

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Baishideng Publishing Group Inc, 7041 Koll Center Parkway, Suite 160, Pleasanton, CA 94566, USA

Retrospective Cohort Study

Copyright: ©Author(s) 2026. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial (CC BY-NC 4.0) license. No commercial re-use. See permissions. Published by Baishideng Publishing Group Inc.

World J Gastrointest Oncol. May 15, 2026; 18(5): 117654
Published online May 15, 2026. doi: 10.4251/wjgo.v18.i5.117654

Table 7 Relationships between clinical features and disease outcome, n (%)

Variable	Category	Alive	Dead	χ²	P value
Abdominal swelling	No	11 (64.7)	6 (35.3)	19.193	< 0.001^a
	Yes	28 (17.9)	128 (82.1)
Right hypochondrial mass	No	12 (36.4)	21 (63.6)	4.461	0.035^a
	Yes	27 (19.3)	113 (80.7)
Right hypochondrial pain	No	5 (20.0)	20 (80.0)	0.108	0.742
	Yes	34 (23.0)	114 (77.0)
Jaundice	No	27 (29.0)	66 (71.0)	4.850	0.028^a
	Yes	12 (15.0)	68 (85.0)
GI bleeding	No	32 (24.2)	100 (75.8)	0.921	0.337
	Yes	7 (17.1)	34 (82.9)
Encephalopathy	No	35 (36.1)	62 (63.9)	23.180	< 0.001^a
	Yes	4 (5.3)	72 (94.7)
Weight loss (symptom)	No	29 (22.5)	100 (77.5)	0.001	0.973
	Yes	10 (22.7)	34 (77.3)
Stigmata of cirrhosis	No	25 (27.8)	65 (72.2)	2.944	0.086
	Yes	14 (16.9)	69 (83.1)
Hard craggy liver	No	20 (39.2)	31 (60.8)	11.513	0.001^a
	Yes	19 (15.6)	103 (84.4)
Presence of ascites	None	23 (48.9)	24 (51.1)	26.216	< 0.001^a
	Moderate	13 (14.3)	78 (85.7)
	Marked	3 (8.6)	32 (91.4)

^aStatistically significant.

GI: Gastrointestinal.

Full Size Table

Citation: Musa Y, Dankiri NA, Saleh HT, Onyia CP, Abdulkareem LO, Okonkwo KC, Abdulkareem FB, Shu'aibu RB, Aminu AS, Ewa AM, Abdullahi HZ, Njideka AW, Sunusi HI, Ijoma UN, Sunday NV, Chukwudike ES, Okeke UF, Asogwa PU, Mukoro GD, Abdullahi MK, Odeghe EA, Nwoko C, Takwashe IM, Oguntoye OO, Owoseni OO, Jimoh AO, Oyeleke GK. Assessing hepatocellular carcinoma in Nigeria: A multicenter retrospective cohort review of prevalence, risk factors, and treatment outcomes. World J Gastrointest Oncol 2026; 18(5): 117654
URL: https://www.wjgnet.com/1948-5204/full/v18/i5/117654.htm
DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.4251/wjgo.v18.i5.117654

Musa Y, Dankiri NA, Saleh HT, Onyia CP, Abdulkareem LO, Okonkwo KC, Abdulkareem FB, Shu'aibu RB, Aminu AS, Ewa AM, Abdullahi HZ, Njideka AW, Sunusi HI, Ijoma UN, Sunday NV, Chukwudike ES, Okeke UF, Asogwa PU, Mukoro GD, Abdullahi MK, Odeghe EA, Nwoko C, Takwashe IM, Oguntoye OO, Owoseni OO, Jimoh AO, Oyeleke GK. Assessing hepatocellular carcinoma in Nigeria: A multicenter retrospective cohort review of prevalence, risk factors, and treatment outcomes. World J Gastrointest Oncol 2026; 18(5): 117654 [DOI: 10.4251/wjgo.v18.i5.117654]

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