Colorectal cancer therapy and nutrition: From ultra-processed consumption to metabolic reprogramming

Table 4 Characteristics and main clinical findings on the ketogenic diet in colorectal cancer

Ref.	Population/protocol	Dietary intervention	Clinical or therapeutic impact
Klement et al[117], 2021	Recurrent stage IV colon cancer	Chemotherapy combined with a modified ketogenic diet	Response rate of 60%; disease control rate of 70%; complete response rate of 50%; trend toward longer overall survival in the responder group (50 months vs 32.5 months in the control group)
Egashira et al[118], 2023	Rectal cancer	Ketogenic diet based on natural foods and standard diet during radiotherapy	Reduction in body weight and fat mass; preservation of skeletal muscle mass; tendency toward greater pathological tumor response (higher degree of Dworak regression and higher percentage of near-complete responses)