Activation of interleukin-33/suppression of tumorigenicity 2 signaling contributes to gallbladder carcinoma-induced chronic pain

Figure 1 Levels of interleukin-33 in gallbladder carcinoma-induced chronic pain. A: Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) showing the level of interleukin (IL)-33 in the serum of gallbladder carcinoma (GBC) patients with pain; B: Haematoxylin and eosin staining of the gallbladders of nude mice; C: Animals with gallbladder carcinoma in situ presented numerous pain-related behaviors such as hypersensitivity of the abdomen to mechanical stimulation and spontaneous visceral pain-related behavior; D: ELISA showing the level of IL-33 in the serum of patients with GBC-induced chronic pain; E and F: ELISA and real-time polymerase chain reaction analysis of IL-33 levels in the spinal cords of model animals with GBC-induced chronic pain. Six samples were included in each of the groups (A, D, E, and F). Twelve mice were included in each of the groups (C). Two-way ANOVA. ^bP < 0.01 vs gallbladder carcinoma patients without pain (A) or 0 day (C-F). IL-33: Interleukin-33; GBC: Gallbladder carcinoma.