Comprehensive modeling of the Correa cascade in precancerous lesions of gastric cancer: Leveraging animal, cellular, and organoid systems for translational insights

Table 2 Genetically engineered mouse models of precancerous gastric lesions and their histological characteristics

Type	Mouse model	Observation time	Intervention	SPEM	Atrophy	Metaplasia	Dysplasia	Carcinoma	Ref.
Gastrin-related	Gastrin-/- mice	12 months	No		Yes	IM	Yes	Yes	[79]
	Gastrin-/- mice	28 days	DMP-777	Yes					[76]
	Gastrin-/- mice	36 weeks	MNU + H. felis		Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	[78]
	INS-GAS mice	36 weeks	MNU		Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	[78]
	INS-GAS mice	6-18 months	H. pylori SS1		Yes	Yes	Yes	No	[80]
	INS-GAS mice	3-4 months	H. pylori PMSS1, B128, NCTC11637		Yes	IM	Yes	Yes	[81-83]
Inflammatory transmitter induction	H/K-IL-β transgenic mice	12 months	No	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	[87,109]
	H/K-IFN-γ transgenic mice	15 months	No	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	[88]
	TxA23 TCR transgenic mice	12 months	No	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	[89]
	K19-Wnt1/C2mE transgenic mice	30 weeks	No	Yes	No	Yes	Yes	Yes	[110]
Mutations in oncogenes and tumor suppressors	Mist1-Kras transgenic mice	1-4 months	No	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	[90]
	K19-K-ras-V12 transgenic mice	20 months	No		Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	[93]
	Runx3-/- mice	52 weeks	MNU	Yes	No	IM	Yes	Yes	[94]
	Usf1-/- mice	12 months	H. pylori		Yes	IM	Yes	No	[95]
	p27-/- mice	70 weeks	H. pylori SS1		Yes	Yes	Yes	No	[96]
	MYCR26StopFL/+; Setd2-/-(AMC) mice	10 weeks	No		No	IM	Yes	No	[97]
Glandular cell damage	stCldn18-/- mice	100 weeks	No	Yes	Yes	IM	Yes	Yes	[98]
	Slc26a9-/- mice	18 months	No	Yes	Yes	IM	Yes	Yes	[99]
	Tff1-/- mice	12 months	No		Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	[100]
	Hip1r-/- mice	5 weeks	No	Yes	No	No	No	No	[110]
	GRIM-19-/- mice	10 weeks	No	Yes	No	No	No	No	[101]
Dysregulation of signalling pathways	PPARD mice	55 weeks	No	Yes	Yes	IM	Yes	Yes	[102]
	Smad3-/- mice	10 months	No	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	[103]
	H/K-noggin mouse	12 weeks	No	Yes	No	No	No	No	[111]
	MyD88-/- mice	47 weeks	H. felis		Yes	IM	Yes	Yes	[104]
	RNF43H292R/H295R mice	6 months	H. pylori; PMSS1		Yes	IM	Yes	Yes	[105]
Multiple gene mutations or deletions in specific glandular cells	Pgc-Cre mice	9 months	No	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	[112]
	Anxa10-Cre mice	10 weeks	No		No	No	Yes	Yes	[106]
	Lgr5-Cre; Smad4fl/fl; PTENfl/fl mice	12 months	No		Yes	IM	Yes	Yes	[107]
	Mist1-Cre; LSL-KrasG12D; Apcfl/fl mice	4 months	No		Yes	IM	Yes	Yes	[91]
	H/K Cre; LKB1L/L; PTENL/L mice	40 weeks	No		No	IM	Yes	Yes	[108]

INS-GAS: Insulin-gastrin; IL-β: Interleukin-β; IFN-γ: Interferon-γ; PPARD: Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor delta; Lgr5: Leucine-rich repeat-containing G protein-coupled receptor 5; H. pylori: Helicobacter pylori; H. felis: Helicobacter felis; MNU: N-Nitroso-N-methylurea; IM: Intestinal metaplasia.