Deep learning in lower gastrointestinal cancer detection: Advances in endoscopic, radiologic, and histopathologic diagnostics

Figure 4 Individualizing conventional cancer therapies with artificial intelligence. The central artificial intelligence component symbolizes its function in driving precision for all three core treatment pillars. Artificial intelligence (AI) is applied to: Surgery, which utilizes AI for enhanced preoperative planning, intraoperative guidance (e.g., workflow analysis and safety), and postoperative management; radiotherapy, which benefits from AI in optimizing tumor contouring and dose delivery; and chemotherapy, which leverages AI for refined therapy decision-making (e.g., predicting response/mutations like BRAF/KRAS) and drug potentiation. This integration maximizes therapeutic effectiveness within precision medicine, enhancing patient outcomes while minimizing side effects. AI: Artificial intelligence.