Deep learning in lower gastrointestinal cancer detection: Advances in endoscopic, radiologic, and histopathologic diagnostics

Figure 2 Hierarchical relationship of artificial intelligence subfields. This diagram illustrates the nested structure of modern artificial intelligence technologies in which artificial intelligence is the broadest concept of creating intelligent machines. Machine learning is a subset of artificial intelligence that focuses on systems learning from data to improve autonomously. Representation learning is a key subfield within machine learning used to automatically transform complex raw data into simpler, more meaningful features for processing. The innermost, most specialized subset is deep learning, which uses multilayered neural networks to perform feature extraction (representation learning) directly from raw data, offering a core advantage over traditional machine learning methods. AI: Artificial intelligence; DL: Deep learning; ML: Machine learning; RL: Representation learning.