Deep learning in lower gastrointestinal cancer detection: Advances in endoscopic, radiologic, and histopathologic diagnostics

Figure 1 Role and application of artificial intelligence in gastrointestinal cancer. This figure outlines the comprehensive scope of artificial intelligence in the management of gastrointestinal tumors, illustrating its applications across seven critical domains: Screening for early detection; definitive diagnosis of lesions; tumor staging (tumor node metastasis) for extent of disease; biomarker prediction (tumor mutation burden/microsatellite instability) to guide personalized therapy; assistance in surgical interventions; forecasting prognosis and treatment response; and in-depth analysis of the tumor microenvironment.