Fatty acid desaturase 1 drives esophageal cancer via M1 macrophage ferroptosis and lipid metabolism remodeling

Figure 8 1-palmitoyl-2-stearoyl-glycerophosphocholine promotes ferroptosis in M1 macrophages via lipid rafts. M1 macrophages were divided into four groups: Control (negative control), phosphatidylcholine (PC) (16:0/18:0) treatment, lipid raft inhibitor methyl-β-cyclodextrin treatment (MβCD), and combined treatment with PC and MβCD (PC + MβCD). Lipid peroxidation was assessed using the BODIPY™ 581/591 C11 probe, with the nuclei counterstained with Hoechst 33342. Representative fluorescence images show that control cells exhibited moderate green fluorescence (oxidized C11-BODIPY, O-C11), indicating basal lipid peroxidation. PC treatment markedly increased green fluorescence and decreased red fluorescence (reduced C11-BODIPY, R-C11), reflecting elevated lipid peroxidation. MβCD treatment alone reduced green fluorescence and enhanced red fluorescence, suggesting the inhibition of lipid peroxidation. Notably, compared with the PC treatment, the MβCD treatment significantly reversed the PC-induced increase in lipid peroxidation, as evidenced by decreased O-C11 BODIPY and increased R-C11 BODIPY fluorescence. PC: Phosphatidylcholine.