Artificial intelligence for endoscopic correlates of Correa’s cascade in gastric precancerous lesions and early neoplasia

Figure 1 Overview of gastric carcinogenesis and artificial intelligence-assisted endoscopic imaging. A: Schematic illustration of Correa’s cascade; B: Modular endoscopic artificial intelligence tasks, including computer-aided detection, computer-aided diagnosis, and segmentation (extent mapping), which may be used independently or in combination; C: Representative anonymized endoscopic images from three different patients, with each row showing paired white-light imaging and narrow-band imaging images from the same patient. The left column shows white-light imaging, and the right column shows narrow-band imaging. Arrows indicate corresponding subtle mucosal or vascular abnormalities in the paired images, which are generally more conspicuous with image-enhanced endoscopy. IM: Intestinal metaplasia; WLI: White-light imaging; NBI: Narrow-band imaging; CADe: Computer-aided detection.