Discrepancies between preoperative assessment and final pathological criteria in early gastric cancer

Table 4 Univariate analysis of factors associated with preoperative-postoperative assessment discrepancies, n (%)

Variable	Same (n = 592)	Under (n = 162)	Over (n = 42)	χ2 value	P value
Pre-endoscopic findings
Location				8.132	< 0.001
Upper	111 (18.8)	65 (38.3)	12 (30.0)
Middle	232 (39.2)	51 (31.5)	14 (32.5)
Lower	249 (42.1)	49 (30.2)	16 (37.5)
Size (cm)				8.590	0.072
≤ 2 cm	401 (67.7)	112 (69.1)	23 (57.5)
> 2 cm and ≤ 3 cm	122 (20.6)	37 (22.8)	9 (22.5)
> 3 cm	69 (11.7)	12 (8.0)	10 (20.0)
Gross type				2.204	0.698
Elevated	282 (47.6)	74 (45.7)	16 (38.1)
Flat	220 (37.2)	65 (40.1)	20 (47.6)
Depressed	90 (15.2)	23 (14.2)	6 (14.3)
Presence of ulcers				1.761	0.415
No	423 (71.5)	117 (72.2)	34 (81.0)
Yes	169 (28.5)	45 (27.8)	8 (19.0)
Pathology				53.839	< 0.001
Differentiated	411 (69.9)	156 (96.3)	24 (57.1)
Undifferentiated	178 (30.1)	6 (3.7)	18 (42.9)

For same-estimated cases, postoperative management aligned with preoperative assessment, underestimated and overestimated groups represented cases requiring therapeutic escalation or de-escalation, respectively. Same: Same-estimated; Under: Under-estimated; Over: Over-estimated.