Discrepancies between preoperative assessment and final pathological criteria in early gastric cancer

Table 3 Comparison of baseline characteristics according to assessment discrepancy status, n (%)

Variable	Same (n = 592)	Under (n = 162)	Over (n = 42)	χ2 value	P value
Age				2.097	0.350
≤ 60	228 (38.5)	52 (32.7)	14 (33.3)
> 60	364 (61.5)	107 (67.3)	28 (66.7)
Sex				0.332	0.847
Male	411 (69.4)	116 (71.6)	30 (71.4)
Female	181 (30.6)	46 (28.4)	12 (28.6)
History of smoking				6.215	0.044
No	391 (66.0)	90 (55.6)	27 (64.3)
Yes	201 (34.0)	72 (44.4)	15 (35.7)
History of alcohol consumption				2.732	0.255
No	432 (73.0)	110 (67.9)	26 (65.0)
Yes	160 (27.0)	52 (32.1)	14 (35.0)
Family history				4.436	0.109
No	510 (86.1)	148 (91.4)	34 (81.0)
Yes	82 (13.9)	14 (8.6)	8 (19.0)
Helicobacter pylori infection				3.220	0.200
No	421 (71.1)	104 (64.2)	31 (73.8)
Yes	171 (28.9)	58 (35.8)	11 (26.2)

For same-estimated cases, postoperative management aligned with preoperative assessment, underestimated and overestimated groups represented cases requiring therapeutic escalation or de-escalation, respectively. Same: Same-estimated; Under: Under-estimated; Over: Over-estimated.